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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

Portable electrochemical sensing methodologies for on-site detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables

Climate change, the growth in world population, high levels of food waste and food loss, and the risk of new disease or pandemic outbreaks are examples of the many challenges that threaten future food sustainability and the security of the planet and urgently need to be addressed. The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, has been gaining momentum since 2015, being a significant driver for sustainable development and a successful catalyst to tackle critical global challenges. This review paper summarizes the most relevant food Industry 4.0 technologies including, among others, digital technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, big data analytics, Internet of Things, and blockchain) and other technological advances (e.g., smart sensors, robotics, digital twins, and cyber-physical systems). Moreover, insights into the new food trends (such as 3D printed foods) that have emerged as a result of the Industry 4.0 technological revolution will also be discussed in Part II of this work. The Industry 4.0 technologies have significantly modified the food industry and led to substantial consequences for the environment, economics, and human health. Despite the importance of each of the technologies mentioned above, ground-breaking sustainable solutions could only emerge by combining many technologies simultaneously. The Food Industry 4.0 era has been characterized by new challenges, opportunities, and trends that have reshaped current strategies and prospects for food production and consumption patterns, paving the way for the move toward Industry 5.0.

The fourth industrial revolution in the food industry-Part I: Industry 4.0 technologies.

Electrochemical detection of dopamine with negligible interference from ascorbic and uric acid by means of reduced graphene oxide and metals-NPs based electrodes

This letter presents a low-power dynamic comparator for ultralow power applications. The prototype is designed in a 65-nm CMOS process with a supply voltage of 1 V and is compared against the widely used double tail latch comparator in terms of power consumption and input referred rms noise. The addition of cross-coupled devices to the input differential pair prevents the comparator internal nodes from fully discharging to ground in contrast to the conventional architecture. This reduces the power consumption while achieving similar noise levels. Measurements demonstrate that the proposed comparator achieves an input referred rms noise voltage of 220 $\mu \text{V}$ against 210 $\mu \text{V}$ for the conventional comparator with a 30% reduction in power. The proposed circuit consumes 0.19-pJ energy per comparison.

A Low-Power 1-V Supply Dynamic Comparator

A high pass switched capacitor filter is proposed. The filter is immune to opamp imperfections such as DC offset and 1/f noise. The filter is incorporated within a high pass /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator which can digitise at the IF frequency.

A high pass switched capacitor /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator

Models of electrochemical sensors play a critical role for electronic engineers in designing electrochemical nanosensor-based integrated systems and are also widely used in analyzing chemical reactions to model the current, electrical potential, and impedance occurring at the surface of an electrode. However, the use of jargon and the different perspectives of scientists and electronic engineers often result in different viewpoints on principles of electrochemical models, which can impede the effective development of sensor technology. This paper is aimed to fill the knowledge gap between electronic engineers and scientists by providing a review and an analysis of electrochemical models. First, a brief review of the electrochemical sensor mechanism from a scientist's perspective is presented. Then a general model, which reflects a more realistic situation of nanosensors is proposed from an electronic engineer point of view and a comparison between the Randles Model is given with its application in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and general sensor design. Finally, with the help of the proposed equivalent model, a cohesive explanation of the scan rate of cyclic voltammetry is discussed. The information of this paper can contribute to enriching the knowledge of electrochemical sensor models for scientists and is also able to guide the electronic engineer on designing next-generation sensor layouts.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3259/pdf

Equivalent Impedance Models for Electrochemical Nanosensor-Based Integrated System Design

This brief presents an overview of the recent advances in noise shaping SAR ADCs. It discusses the fundamentals behind the noise shaping operation and the two main implementation topologies. Error feedback and cascaded integrators feedforward topologies are examined. Active and passive circuit level implementations, with emphasis in deep nanometre CMOS processes, are discussed along with the associated design trade-offs. Trends in the area such as multi-stage and cascaded implementations are also discussed.

Recent Advances and Trends in Noise Shaping SAR ADCs

Global food production needs to increase in order to meet the demands of an ever growing global population. As resources are finite, the most feasible way to meet this demand is to minimize losses and improve efficiency. Regular monitoring of factors like animal health, soil and water quality for example, can ensure that the resources are being used to their maximum efficiency. Existing monitoring techniques however have limitations, such as portability, turnaround time and requirement for additional reagents. In this work, we explore the use of micro- and nano-scale electrode devices, for the development of an electrochemical sensing platform to digitalize a wide range of applications within the agri-food sector. With this platform, we demonstrate the direct electrochemical detection of pesticides, specifically clothianidin and imidacloprid, with detection limits of 0.22 ng/mL and 2.14 ng/mL respectively, and nitrates with a detection limit of 0.2 µM. In addition, interdigitated electrode structures also enable an in-situ pH control technique to mitigate pH as an interference and modify analyte response. This technique is applied to the analysis of monochloramine, a common water disinfectant. Concerning biosensing, the sensors are modified with bio-molecular probes for the detection of both bovine viral diarrhea virus species and antibodies, over a range of 1 ng/mL to 10 µg/mL. Finally, a portable analogue front end electronic reader is developed to allow portable sensing, with control and readout undertaken using a smart phone application. Finally, the sensor chip platform is integrated with these electronics to provide a fully functional end-to-end smart sensor system compatible with emerging Agri-Food digital decision support tools.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/9/3149/pdf

Ivan O'Connell

Papers

A Low-Power 1-V Supply Dynamic Comparator

A high pass switched capacitor /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator

Equivalent Impedance Models for Electrochemical Nanosensor-Based Integrated System Design

Recent Advances and Trends in Noise Shaping SAR ADCs

Advanced Solid State Nano-electrochemical Sensors and System for Agri 4.0 Applications