Energy loss, range, path length, time-of-flight, straggling, multiple scattering, and nuclear interaction probability: In two parts. Part 1. For 63 compounds Part 2. For elements 1 ⩽ Z ⩽ 92

Collisions of atoms and ions with surfaces under grazing incidence

▪ Abstract Low-mass particles, such as neutrinos, axions, other Nambu-Goldstone bosons, and gravitons, are produced in the hot and dense interior of stars. Therefore, astrophysical arguments constrain the properties of these particles in ways that are often complementary to cosmological arguments and to laboratory experiments. This review provides an update on the most important stellar-evolution limits and discusses them in the context of other information from cosmology and laboratory experiments.

Particle physics from stars

Interaction of slow multicharged ions with solid surfaces

onte Carlo (MC) codes are increasingly spreading in the hadrontherapy community due to their detailed description of radiation transport and interaction with matter. The suitability of a MC code for application to hadrontherapy demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. This becomes extremely important for correctly performing not only physical but also biologically-based dose calculations, especially in cases where ions heavier than protons are involved. In addition, accurate prediction of emerging secondary radiation is of utmost importance in innovative areas of research aiming at in-vivo treatment verification. This contribution will address the recent developments of the FLUKA MC code and its practical applications in this field. Refinements of the FLUKA nuclear models in the therapeutic energy interval lead to an improved description of the mixed radiation field as shown in the presented benchmarks against experimental data with both 4 He and 12 C ion beams. Accurate description of ionization energy losses and of particle scattering and interactions lead to the excellent agreement of calculated depth-dose profiles with those measured at leading European hadron therapy centers, both with proton and ion beams. In order to support the application of FLUKA in hospital based environments, Flair, the FLUKA graphical interface, has been enhanced with the capability of translating CT DICOM images into voxel-based computational phantoms in a fast and well-structured way. The interface is capable of importing also radiotherapy treatment data described in DICOM RT standard.In addition the interface is equipped with an intuitive PET scanner geometry generator and automatic recording of coincidence events. Clinically similar cases will be presented both in terms of absorbed dose and biological dose calculations describing the various available features.

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The FLUKA Code: An Accurate Simulation Tool for Particle Therapy.

Theoretical calculations of the stopping power of the electron gas for slow ions, v${v}_{F}$, are reviewed. New results are presented for stopping power and effective charge based on nonlinear density-functional calculations. Extensive comparisons with available experimental data show that these new theoretical results are clearly superior to earlier calculations based on linear theory.

Nonlinear stopping power of an electron gas for slow ions

Energy-loss straggling of ions with v\ensuremath{\ll}${v}_{F}$ in an electron gas has been evaluated from phase shifts determined from nonlinear, density-functional calculations. These results differ markedly from those obtained from linear theory and show oscillations in straggling with increasing nuclear charge which can be correlated with the scattering properties of electrons at the Fermi level.

Nonlinear energy-loss straggling of slow ions in solids

The stopping power of a target, composed of atoms with atomic number Z2, for a projectile of charge Z1e and velocity v1, depends in first Born approximation on the projectile charge as (Z1e)2. Recently [1], we extended this theory to include the (Z1e)3 dependence in a classical treatment which is equivalent to a second Born approximation. The Z1 3 contribution was calculated for the statistical model of the target atom in the Lenz-Jensen approximation.

Z13-dependent stopping power and range contributions*

Z13-dependent range contributions

The stopping power of an electron gas for slow ons was calculated based on nonlinear, density-functional methods. These new theoretical results show substatnial increases in stopping powers for protons compared to calculations based on linear theory and provide a good qualitative description of the Z1-oscillations found in experimental data.

J. C. Ashley

Papers

Nonlinear stopping power of an electron gas for slow ions

Nonlinear energy-loss straggling of slow ions in solids

Z13-dependent stopping power and range contributions*

Z13-dependent range contributions

Nonlinear calculations of the energy loss of slow ions in an electron gas