There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The science and technology of ultracapacitors are reviewed for a number of electrode materials, including carbon, mixed metal oxides, and conducting polymers. More work has been done using microporous carbons than with the other materials and most of the commercially available devices use carbon electrodes and an organic electrolytes. The energy density of these devices is 3¯5 Wh/kg with a power density of 300¯500 W/kg for high efficiency (90¯95%) charge/discharges. Projections of future developments using carbon indicate that energy densities of 10 Wh/kg or higher are likely with power densities of 1¯2 kW/kg. A key problem in the fabrication of these advanced devices is the bonding of the thin electrodes to a current collector such the contact resistance is less than 0.1 cm2. Special attention is given in the paper to comparing the power density characteristics of ultracapacitors and batteries. The comparisons should be made at the same charge/discharge efficiency.

Ultracapacitors: Why, How, and Where is the Technology

Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems

The progress of the factorization method since the 1935 work of Dirac is briefly reviewed. Though linked with older mathematical theories the factorization seems an autonomous 'driving force', offering substantial support to the present day Darboux and Backlund approaches.

http://homepage.cem.itesm.mx/fdelgado/ciencia/cadi/ref06.pdf

Factorization: little or great algorithm?

The exterior Cauchy problem is discussed for the fourth‐order theories of gravity derived from the Lagrangian densities L=(−g)1/2 (R+ (1/2)aR2+bRμν Rμν) −κLm. When b≠0, the Cauchy problem can be solved by the standard method already used in general relativity. When b=0, the problem cannot be formulated as in the case where b≠0, since the corresponding fourth‐order theory is shown to be equivalent to a second‐order scalar–tensor theory. This scalar–tensor theory is proved to coincide with one of the models of gravity proposed by O’Hanlon in order to present a covariant version of the massive dilaton theory suggested by Fujii. This result is generalized: The models of O’Hanlon are shown to be indistinguishable from the fourth‐order theories derived from the Lagrangian densities L=(−g)1/2 F(R)−κLm, where F is any real function such that F″(R) does not identically vanish.

The Cauchy Problem for the R + R 2 Theories of Gravity Without Torsion

In this work a fractional differential equation for the electrical RLC circuit is studied. The order of the derivative being considered is 0 < γ ≤ 1. To keep the dimensionality of the physical quantities R, L and C an auxiliary parameter γ is introduced. This parameter characterizes the existence of fractional components in the system. It is shown that there is a relation between and σ through the physical parameters RLC of the circuit. Due to this relation, the analytical solution is given in terms of the Mittag-Leffler function depending on the order of the fractional differential equation.

https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/phys.2013.11.issue-10/s11534-013-0265-6/s11534-013-0265-6.xml

RLC electrical circuit of non-integer order

The multidimensional $N=4$ supersymmetric (SUSY) quantum mechanics (QM) is constructed using the superfield approach. As a result, the component form of the classical and quantum Lagrangian and Hamiltonian is obtained. In the SUSY QM considered, both classical and quantum $N=4$ algebras include central charges, and this opens various possibilities for partial supersymmetry breaking. It is shown that quantum-mechanical models with one-quarter, one-half, and three-quarters of unbroken (broken) supersymmetries can exist in the framework of the multidimensional $N=4$ SUSY QM, while the one-dimensional $N=4$ SUSY QM, constructed earlier, admits only one half or total supersymmetry breakdown. We illustrate the constructed general formalism, as well as all possible cases of partial SUSY breaking taking as an example a direct multidimensional generalization of the one-dimensional $N=4$ superconformal quantum-mechanical model. Some open questions and possible applications of the constructed multidimensional $N=4$ SUSY QM to the known exactly integrable systems and problems of quantum cosmology are briefly discussed.

N=4 supersymmetric multidimensional quantum mechanics, partial SUSY breaking and superconformal quantum mechanics

Using the fractional calculus approach, we present the Laplace analysis of an equivalent electrical circuit for a multilayered system, which includes distributed elements of the Cole model type. The Bode graphs are obtained from the numerical simulation of the corresponding transfer functions using arbitrary electrical parameters in order to illustrate the methodology. A numerical Laplace transform is used with respect to the simulation of the fractional differential equations. From the results shown in the analysis, we obtain the formula for the equivalent electrical circuit of a simple spectrum, such as that generated by a real sample of blood tissue, and the corresponding Nyquist diagrams. In addition to maintaining consistency in adjusted electrical parameters, the advantage of using fractional differential equations in the study of the impedance spectra is made clear in the analysis used to determine a compact formula for the equivalent electrical circuit, which includes the Cole model and a simple RC model as special cases.

/pdf/modeling-and-simulation-of-equivalent-circuits-in-1ua6q7i59o.pdf

Modeling and simulation of equivalent circuits in description of biological systems - a fractional calculus approach

Electrical circuits described by fractional conformable derivative

This paper provides an analysis in the time and frequency domain of an RC electrical circuit described by a fractional differential equation of the order 0 < α≤ 1. We use the Laplace transform of the fractional derivative in the Caputo sense. In the time domain we emphasize on the delay, rise and settling times, while in the frequency domain the interest is in the cutoff frequency, the bandwidth and the asymptotes in low and high frequencies. All these quantities depend on the order of differential equation.

https://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fphys.2013.11.issue-10$002fs11534-013-0236-y$002fs11534-013-0236-y.pdf?t:ac=j$002fphys.2013.11.issue-10$002fs11534-013-0236-y$002fs11534-013-0236-y.xml

J. J. Rosales

Papers

RLC electrical circuit of non-integer order

N=4 supersymmetric multidimensional quantum mechanics, partial SUSY breaking and superconformal quantum mechanics

Modeling and simulation of equivalent circuits in description of biological systems - a fractional calculus approach

Electrical circuits described by fractional conformable derivative

Analysis on the time and frequency domain for the RC electric circuit of fractional order