Together with a brief history of the development of simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE), this review intends to provide the reader with practical guidelines that can be drawn from the literature, and to help the analyst in the choice of optimum experimental conditions adapted to a given sample preparation problem. This paper starts from the original apparatus of Likens and Nickerson, includes designs for micro-scale experiments, and ends up with the version operating under vacuum, and another for large-scale operations. The question of artifact formation is covered, together with proposed solutions for their prevention. Examples are given from applications in the field of flavours, fragrances and the environment. To better illustrate capabilities and limits of SDE, comparisons of SDE with other techniques of sample preparation are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simultaneous distillation–extraction: from birth to maturity—review

Carbon sorbents and their utilization for the preconcentration of organic pollutants in environmental samples

Studies on anabolic steroids : I. Integrated methodological approach to the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anabolic steroid metabolites in urine

Polycyclic musk fragrances in different environmental compartments in Berlin (Germany).

Sample preparation for chromatographic separations: an overview

Summary Direct conversion of isothermal to temperature programmed indices is not possible. In this work it is shown that linear temperature programmed retention indices can only be calculated from isothermal retention data if the temperature dependence of both the distribution coefficients and the column dead time are taken into account. Procedures are described which allow calculation of retention temperatures and from these, accurate programmed retention indices. Within certain limits the initial oven temperature and programming rate can be chosen freely.The prerequisite forthis calculation

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Temperature programmed retention indices: Calculation from isothermal data. Part 1: Theory

Temperature programmed retention indices: calculation from isothermal data. Part I :Theory

https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/1805340/619879.pdf

Possibilities and limitations of steam distillation—extraction as a pre-concentration technique for trace analysis of organics by capillary gas chromatography

https://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/2428314/619841.pdf

Possibilities and limitations of dynamic headspace sampling as a pre-concentration technique for trace analysis of organics by capillary gas chromatography

Capillary gas chromatography Detection limits Trace analysis Narrow bore columns Wide bore columns Summary The need for faster and more efficient separations of complex mixtures of organic compounds by gas chromatography has led to the development of small inner diameter open tubular columns. Owing to their decreased plate height, extremely narrow peaks areobtained. When differently sized columnswith equal plate numbers arecompared, injectian of a fixed amount of a solute will give the highest detector signals for the smallest bore columns. When P is defined as the ratio of the column inlet and outlet pressures, it can be seen from theory that under normalized chromatographic conditions the minimum detectable amount (0,) for a mass flow sensitive detector increases proportionally to the square of the column diameter for P=l. In the situation of greater interest in the practice of open tubular gas chromatography where P is large, a linear relationship is derived between 0, and the column diameter. It is a widespread misunderstanding, however, that narrow bore capillary columns should be used for this reason in trace analysis. If a fixed relative contribution of the injection band width to the overall peakvariance is allowed, a decreased plate height drastically restricts the maximum sample volume to be injected. It is shown that the minimum analyte concentration in the injected sample (C,) is inversely proportional to the column inner diameter when a mass flow sensitive detector is used. For actual concentrations less than C,, sample preconcentration ik required. The effect of peak resolution and selectivity of the stationary phase in relation to C, and 0, will be discussed as well. The validity of the given theory is experimentally investigated. Minimum analyte concentrations and minimum detectable amounts are compared using columns with different inner diameter.

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J.M.P.M. Curvers

Papers

Temperature programmed retention indices: Calculation from isothermal data. Part 1: Theory

Temperature programmed retention indices: calculation from isothermal data. Part I :Theory

Possibilities and limitations of steam distillation—extraction as a pre-concentration technique for trace analysis of organics by capillary gas chromatography

Possibilities and limitations of dynamic headspace sampling as a pre-concentration technique for trace analysis of organics by capillary gas chromatography

The effect of column characteristics on the minimum analyte concentration and the minimum detectable amount in capillary gas chromatography