J. P. Bolam

TL;DR: The findings summarized in this commentary confirm and elaborate the models of the direct and indirect pathways of information flow through the basal ganglia and provide a morphological framework for future studies.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the essential concept of the direct and indirect pathways of information flow through the basal ganglia remains intact but that the role of the indirect pathway is more complex than previously suggested and that neurons of the globus pallidus are in a position to control the activity of virtually the whole of the basalganglia.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons represent large proportions of the neurons in what are traditionally considered as dopamine nuclei and that there are considerable heterogeneities in the proportions of cell types in the different dopaminergic midbrain regions.

TL;DR: It is concluded that dopamine receptor immunoreactivity is mainly associated with spiny output neurons of the neostriatum and that there is a selective association of D1 receptors with the so-called direct pathway of information flow through the basal ganglia, i.e. the striatoentopeduncular and striatonigral pathways.

TL;DR: These data suggest that abnormal low-frequency oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network in the dopamine-depleted state is generated by the inappropriate processing of rhythmic cortical input.