The increasing energy demand in the near future will force us to seek environmentally clean alternative energy resources. The emergence of nanomaterials as the new building blocks to construct light energy harvesting assemblies has opened up new ways to utilize renewable energy sources. This article discusses three major ways to utilize nanostructures for the design of solar energy conversion devices:  (i) Mimicking photosynthesis with donor−acceptor molecular assemblies or clusters, (ii) semiconductor assisted photocatalysis to produce fuels such as hydrogen, and (iii) nanostructure semiconductor based solar cells. This account further highlights some of the recent developments in these areas and points out the factors that limit the efficiency optimization. Strategies to employ ordered assemblies of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles, inorganic-organic hybrid assemblies, and carbon nanostructures in the energy conversion schemes are also discussed. Directing the future research efforts toward utiliza...

Meeting the Clean Energy Demand: Nanostructure Architectures for Solar Energy Conversion

Energy levels of Z = 11−21 nuclei (IV)

Energy levels of A = 21−44 nuclei (V)

Shape coexistence in nuclei appears to be unique in the realm of finite many-body quantum systems It differs from the various geometrical arrangements that sometimes occur in a molecule in that in a molecule the various arrangements are of the widely separated atomic nuclei In nuclei the various ''arrangements'' of nucleons involve (sets of) energy eigenstates with different electric quadrupole properties such as moments and transition rates, and different distributions of proton pairs and neutron pairs with respect to their Fermi energies Sometimes two such structures will ''invert'' as a function of the nucleon number, resulting in a sudden and dramatic change in ground-state properties in neighboring isotopes and isotones In the first part of this review the theoretical status of coexistence in nuclei is summarized Two approaches, namely, microscopic shell-model descriptions and mean-field descriptions, are emphasized The second part of this review presents systematic data, for both even- and odd-mass nuclei, selected to illustrate the various ways in which coexistence is observed in nuclei The last part of this review looks to future developments and the issue of the universality of coexistence in nuclei Surprises continue to be discovered With the major advances in reaching to extremes of proton-neutronmore » number, and the anticipated new ''rare isotope beam'' facilities, guidelines for search and discovery are discussed« less

Shape coexistence in atomic nuclei

Coexistence in even-mass nuclei

The precision determination of some γ-ray energies using a β-spectrometer

Measurements of M1 and E2 transition probabilities in Te125, I127, Xe129, Cs133, La139 and Pr141

A one-meter-radius iron-free double-focusing π√2 spectrometer for β-ray spectroscopy with a precision of 1:105

The ground-band level sequence in $^{184}\mathrm{Hg}$ has been identified to spin ${10}^{+}$ and possibly to ${14}^{+}$. Lifetimes for the ${2}^{+}$, ${4}^{+}$, and ${6}^{+}$ states have been measured. The results imply the onset of a permanent deformation above the ${2}^{+}$ level.

J.S. Geiger

Papers

The precision determination of some γ-ray energies using a β-spectrometer

Measurements of M1 and E2 transition probabilities in Te125, I127, Xe129, Cs133, La139 and Pr141

A one-meter-radius iron-free double-focusing π√2 spectrometer for β-ray spectroscopy with a precision of 1:105

Lifetimes in the ground-state band of $sup 184$Hg

A determination of the absolute energy of the Hg198 412 keV γ-radiation