Showing papers in "Physical Review Letters in 1973"
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that a wide class of non-Abelian gauge theories have, up to calculable logarithmic corrections, free-field-theory asymptotic behavior.
Abstract: It is shown that a wide class of non-Abelian gauge theories have, up to calculable logarithmic corrections, free-field-theory asymptotic behavior. It is suggested that Bjorken scaling may be obtained from strong-interaction dynamics based on non-Abelian gauge symmetry.
3,334 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that perturbation theory is arbitrarily good for the deep Euclidean Green's functions of any Yang-Mills theory and of many Yang Mills theories with fermions.
Abstract: An explicit calculation shows perturbation theory to be arbitrarily good for the deep Euclidean Green's functions of any Yang-Mills theory and of many Yang-Mills theories with fermions. Under the hypothesis that spontaneous symmetry breakdown is of dynamical origin, these symmetric Green's functions are the asymptotic forms of the physically significant spontaneously broken solution, whose coupling could be strong.
2,826 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce two integrals which simplify calculation of the dynamic properties of magnetic domains, over quadratic functions of the spatial derivatives of the magnetization, yield forces acting on a domain which correspond to the gyroscopic and dissipative terms in the Gilbert equation.
Abstract: This paper introduces two integrals which simplify calculation of the dynamic properties of magnetic domains. These integrals, over quadratic functions of the spatial derivatives of the magnetization, yield forces acting on a domain which correspond to the gyroscopic and dissipative terms in the Gilbert equation. The force integral corresponging to the gyroscopic term is found to be even less sensitive to the details of the spin distribution than the dissipative drag integral. Hard magnetic bubble domains are considered as an illustrative example.
1,166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the scaling laws for the asymptotic energy dependence of electromagnetic and hadronic scattering at fixed c.m. angle were derived for point-like particles.
Abstract: The application of simple dimensional counting to bound states of pointlike particles enables us to derive scaling laws for the asymptotic energy dependence of electromagnetic and hadronic scattering at fixed c.m. angle which only depend on the number of constituent fields of the hadrons. Assuming quark constituents, some of the s→∞, fixed-t/s predictions are (dσ/dt)πp→πp∼s^-8, (dσ/dt)pp→pp∼s^-10, (dσ/dt)γp→πp∼s^-7, (dσ/dt)γp→γp∼s^-6, Fπ(q^2)∼(q2)^-1, and F1p(q^2)∼(q^2)^-2. We show that such scaling laws are characteristic of renormalizable field theories satisfying certain conditions.
1,024 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the inverse scattering method was used to solve the initial value problem for a broad class of nonlinear evolution equations, including sine-Gordon, sinh-Gordon and Benney-Newell.
Abstract: We present the inverse scattering method which provides a means of solution of the initial-value problem for a broad class of nonlinear evolution equations. Special cases include the sine-Gordon equation, the sinh-Gordon equation, the Benney-Newell equation, the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation, and generalizations.
925 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the initial value problem for the sine-Gordon equation is solved by the inverse-scattering method, and the inverse scatter method is used to solve the inverse value problem.
Abstract: The initial value problem for the sine-Gordon equation is solved by the inverse-scattering method.
766 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the observed temperature dependence of low-field conductivity in granular metals can be attributed to a relationship between the separation of neighboring metal grains and the electrostatic energy required to create a positive-negative charged pair of grains.
Abstract: We present evidence that in granular metals the observed temperature dependence of the low-field conductivity, $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{b}{{T}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}})$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2}$, can be ascribed to a relationship $s{E}_{c}=\mathrm{const}$ between $s$, the separation of neighboring metal grains, and ${E}_{c}$, the electrostatic energy required to create a positive-negative charged pair of grains. This relationship results from simple considerations of the structure of granular metals. The predictions of the theory, for both the high- and the low-field electrical conductivity, are in excellent accord with experimental results in granular Ni-Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films.
765 citations
TL;DR: In this article, simple expressions for the total reaction cross section in terms of the interaction barrier for the s$ wave were obtained for heavy ions on $ −238 −mathrm{U}$ and showed that the effective radius parameter decreases as projectile charges increase.
Abstract: Simple expressions are obtained for the total reaction cross section in terms of the interaction barrier for the $s$ wave. These expressions allow the interaction barrier to be determined experimentally. Analysis of experimental data for heavy ions on $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ shows that the effective radius parameter decreases as projectile charges increase.
710 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that room-temperature HF gas at millitorr pressures, optically pumped to produce a total inversion at a rotational transition in the vibrational state, emits a superradiant pulse with ringing after a considerable delay.
Abstract: We have found that room-temperature HF gas at millitorr pressures, optically pumped to produce a total inversion at a rotational transition in the $v=1$ vibrational state, emits a superradiant pulse with ringing after a considerable delay (\ensuremath{\sim} microseconds). A semiclassical analysis shows that for a high-gain system the pulse evolution is determined by a single parameter ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$, and that inhomogeneous broadening is unimportant. Close agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
588 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new mass formula for Kerr black holes is deduced, and is constrasted to the mass formula which is obtained by integrating term by term the mass differential and which consists of three terms interpreted, respectively, as the surface energy, rotational energy, and electromagnetic energy of the charged rotating black hole.
Abstract: A new mass formula for Kerr black holes is deduced, and is constrasted to the mass formula which is obtained by integrating term by term the mass differential and which consists of three terms interpreted, respectively, as the surface energy, rotational energy, and electromagnetic energy of the charged rotating black hole. A comparison is suggested between a rotating black hole and a rotating liquid drop which leads to a speculation that Kerr black holes may develop instabilities.
570 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new model for magnetism in an amorphous material is proposed, which is particularly appropriate for rare-earth compounds such as Tb${\mathrm{F}}_{2}.
Abstract: We propose a new model for magnetism in an amorphous material. The model is particularly appropriate for rare-earth compounds such as Tb${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$. It is a Heisenberg model in which each ionic spin is subjected to a local anisotropy field of random orientation. We discuss the magnetic properties of two simple ionic configurations, and show that the model is in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of fluctuations on the Peierls transition in one dimension are calculated by taking a functional average over variations in the order parameter, and it is found that the transition is suppressed to a temperature of approximately one quarter of the mean-field transition but remains fairly sharp.
Abstract: The effects of fluctuations on the Peierls transition in one dimension are calculated by taking a functional average over variations in the order parameter. It is found that the transition is suppressed to a temperature of approximately one quarter of the mean-field transition but remains fairly sharp. The coherence length and density of states are calculated as a function of temperature, and brief comparison is made to experimental systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of non-Abelian gauge theories of strong interactions is described, for which parity sand strangeness are automatically conserved, and for which the nonconservations of parity and strangeness produced by weak interactions are automatically of order alpha /m/sub w/sup 2/ rather than o f order alpha.
Abstract: ABS>A class of non-Abelian gauge theories of strong interactions is described, for which parity sand strangeness are automatically conserved, and for which the nonconservations of parity and strangeness produced by weak interactions are automatically of order alpha /m/sub w/sup 2/ rather than o f order alpha . When such theories are asymptotically free,'' the order- alpha weak corrections to natural zeroth-order symmetries may be calculated ignoring all effects of strong interactions. Speculations are offered on a possible theory of quarks. (auth)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors suggest that baryon-number conservation may not be absolute and that an integrally charged quark may disintegrate into two leptons and an antilepton with a coupling strength.
Abstract: We suggest that baryon-number conservation may not be absolute and that an integrally charged quark may disintegrate into two leptons and an antilepton with a coupling strength ${G}_{B}{{m}_{p}}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$. On the other hand, if quarks are much heavier than low-lying hadrons, the decay of a three-quark system like the proton is highly forbidden (proton lifetime \ensuremath{\gtrsim} ${10}^{28}$ y). Motivation for these ideas appears to arise within a unified theory of hadrons and leptons and their gauge interactions. We emphasize the consequences of such a possibility for real quark searches.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Backlund transformation operating on solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation is presented, which provides a unifying approach to the theory of solitary waves.
Abstract: We present a Backlund transformation operating on solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation. It provides a unifying approach to the theory of solitary waves (solutions). Recursive application of the transformation to any solution of the Korteweg-de Vries equation generates a hierarchy of solutions for which an algebraic recursion relation is obtained. Every such hierarchy (one of which is the known family of pure multisoliton solutions) thus admits a nonlinear superposition principle.
TL;DR: In this article, the force of radiation pressure on the free surface of a transparent liquid dielectric has been observed using focused pulsed laser light, and it was shown that light on either entering or leaving the liquid exerts a net outward force at the liquid surface.
Abstract: The force of radiation pressure on the free surface of a transparent liquid dielectric has been observed using focused pulsed laser light. It is shown that light on either entering or leaving the liquid exerts a net outward force at the liquid surface. This force causes strong surface lens effects, surface scattering, and nonlinear absorption. The data relate to the understanding of the momentum of light in dielectrics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the paramagnon effects which enhance triplet pairing in the Anderson-Morel wave state were investigated and it was found that the component favored is the original Anderson-morel state.
Abstract: It is proposed that the paramagnon effects which enhance ${T}_{c}$ for triplet pairing in ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ are also important in selecting the particular component of the triplet $p$- wave state observed. It is found that the component favored is the original Anderson-Morel state.
TL;DR: In this paper, the first direct measurement of the drift velocity of excess electrons is given as a function of applied field in amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ using a transit-time technique.
Abstract: A report of the first direct measurement of the drift velocity of excess electrons is given as a function of applied field in amorphous Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ using a transit-time technique. The drift mobility is found to be 20 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec at 300 K, the highest known for a solid amorphous material, and it decreases with increasing temperature. These results can be explained by a model involving LO phonon scattering at high temperatures and boundary scattering at lower temperatures.
IBM1
TL;DR: In this paper, low-energy electron diffraction spectra for Ni(001) were calculated for O, S, Se, and Te on Ni(1) and showed good agreement with experiment for fourfold coordinated bonding sites and displacements from the center of the first layer of nickel atoms.
Abstract: Calculated low-energy electron diffraction spectra for $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ overlayer structures of O, S, Se, and Te on Ni(001) show very good agreement with experiment for fourfold coordinated bonding sites and displacements of 0.90, 1.30, 1.45, and 1.90 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 \AA{}, respectively, from the center of the first layer of nickel atoms. These adsorbate-atom locations correspond to Ni-chalcogen bond lengths smaller than occur in bulk compounds, but comparable to those found in divalent Ni-chelate complexes.
TL;DR: In this article, the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of rf-sputtered amorphous Ge, Si, and Ge-Si films as functions of annealing temperature and time have been investigated.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of rf-sputtered amorphous Ge, Si, and Ge-Si films as functions of annealing temperature and time have been investigated for $350\ensuremath{\gtrsim}T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}77$ K. Annealing shifts the hopping region to lower temperatures. We find that reasonable values of Mott's parameters are obtained only for properly annealed specimens in the true hopping-conduction region.
TL;DR: In this article, the Ising model on a triangular lattice with three-spin interactions is solved exactly by solving an equivalent coloring problem using the Bethe Ansatz method, which is given in terms of a simple algebraic relation.
Abstract: The Ising model on a triangular lattice with three-spin interactions is solved exactly. The solution, which is obtained by solving an equivalent coloring problem using the Bethe Ansatz method, is given in terms of a simple algebraic relation. The specific heat is found to diverge with indices $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\frac{2}{3}$.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors observed very narrow magnetic resonance lines in alkali vapors with atomic densities much greater than usual and with cell dimensions much smaller than usual, and showed that the spin-exchange broadening vanishes in the high-density limit.
Abstract: We observe very narrow (\ensuremath{\sim}200 Hz) magnetic resonance lines in alkali vapors with atomic densities much greater than usual and with cell dimensions much smaller than usual. The Zeeman resonance frequency is shifted downward by a large factor, but the spin-exchange broadening vanishes in the high-density limit. This new regime affords important new possibilities for investigating basic interactions in dense alkali vapors, and it also opens the way to miniaturized optically pumped devices.
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer study of a tetrahedrally coordinated random-network structure is reported as a model for amorphous Si or Ge, and the radial distribution function has been obtained to greater precision and to a greater radial distance; it compares well with experiment.
Abstract: A computer study of a tetrahedrally coordinated random-network structure is reported as a model for amorphous Si or Ge. A previous model is refined to produce equal near-neighbor distances; it is more carefully statistically characterized and the coordinates of each individual atom are now known. The radial distribution function has been obtained to greater precision and to a greater radial distance; it compares well with experiment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors made a systematic search for theories of interacting heavy vector mesons which have unitarily bound trees and found that the only such theories are spontaneously broken gauge theories.
Abstract: We have made a systematic search for theories of interacting heavy vector mesons which have unitarily bound trees. In simple cases (four vector mesons and one scalar particle) the only unitarily bound models are spontaneously broken gauge theories. Evidently, a unitarity bound, which controls high-energy behavior, imposes internal symmetry on heavy-vector- boson interactions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the strong subadditivity of quantum-mechanical entropy and the Wigner-Yanase-Dyson conjecture was proved for the first time, and they proved that quantum entropy is strong under the assumption
Abstract: We have proved the strong subadditivity of quantum-mechanical entropy and the Wigner-Yanase-Dyson conjecture.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of gravitational wave observations in the investigation of relativistic theories of gravity is treated as providing greater potential in the prediction of wave propagation speed and the polarization properties of gravitational waves.
Abstract: Approaches regarding the role of gravitational wave observations in the investigation of relativistic theories of gravity are treated as providing greater potential in the prediction of wave propagation speed and the polarization properties of gravitational waves. The invariant classes of waves discussed have the same post-Newtonian limit as general relativity for a reasonable choice of cosmological models.