It is preferred that topically administered drugs act either dermally or transdermally. For that reason they have to penetrate into the deeper skin layers or permeate the skin. The outermost layer of the human skin, the stratum corneum, is responsible for its barrier function. Most topically administered drugs do not have the ability to penetrate the stratum corneum. In these cases modulations of the skin penetration profiles of these drugs and skin barrier manipulations are necessary. A skin penetration enhancement can be achieved either chemically, physically or by use of appropriate formulations. Numerous chemical compounds have been evaluated for penetration-enhancing activity, and different modes of action have been identified for skin penetration enhancement. In addition to chemical methods, skin penetration of drugs can be improved by physical options such as iontophoresis and phonophoresis, as well as by combinations of both chemical and physical methods or by combinations of several physical methods. There are cases where skin penetration of the drug used in the formulation is not the aim of the topical administration. Penetration reducers can be used to prevent chemicals entering the systemic circulation. This article concentrates on the progress made mainly over the last decade by use of chemical penetration enhancers. The different action modes of these substances are explained, including the basic principles of the physical skin penetration enhancement techniques and examples for their application.

Overcoming the stratum corneum: the modulation of skin penetration. A review.

Seaweed produces metabolites aiding in the protection against different environmental stresses. These compounds show antiviral, antiprotozoal, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. Macroalgae can be cultured in high volumes and would represent an attractive source of potential compounds useful for unconventional drugs able to control new diseases or multiresistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms. The substances isolated from green, brown and red algae showing potent antimicrobial activity belong to polysaccharides, fatty acids, phlorotannins, pigments, lectins, alkaloids, terpenoids and halogenated compounds. This review presents the major compounds found in macroalga showing antimicrobial activities and their most promising applications.

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Antimicrobial Action of Compounds from Marine Seaweed

Enhancement of transdermal drug delivery via synergistic action of chemicals

Described are 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives of formula (I) wherein the symbols are as defined in claim 1. Those compounds inhibit tyrosine protein kinase and can be used in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases, for example tumour diseases.

Pyrrolopyrimidines and processes for the preparation thereof

To search for endogenous estrogens that may have preferential binding affinity for human estrogen receptor (ER) α or β subtype and also to gain insights into the structural determinants favoring differential subtype binding, we studied the binding affinities of 74 natural or synthetic estrogens, including more than 50 steroidal analogs of estradiol-17β (E2) and estrone (E1) for human ERα and ERβ. Many of the endogenous estrogen metabolites retained varying degrees of similar binding affinity for ERα and ERβ, but some of them retained differential binding affinity for the two subtypes. For instance, several of the D-ring metabolites, such as 16α-hydroxyestradiol (estriol), 16β-hydroxyestradiol-17α, and 16-ketoestrone, had distinct preferential binding affinity for human ERβ over ERα (difference up to 18-fold). Notably, although E2 has nearly the highest and equal binding affinity for ERα and ERβ, E1 and 2-hydroxyestrone (two quantitatively predominant endogenous estrogens in nonpregnant woman) have prefere...

/pdf/quantitative-structure-activity-relationship-of-various-1rbrkq9t4h.pdf

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship of Various Endogenous Estrogen Metabolites for Human Estrogen Receptor α and β Subtypes: Insights into the Structural Determinants Favoring a Differential Subtype Binding

Synthesis and antiviral/antitumor evaluation of 2-amino- and 2-carboxamido-3-arylsulfonylthiophenes and related compounds as a new class of diarylsulfones

J. Walter Sowell

Papers

Synthesis and antiviral/antitumor evaluation of 2-amino- and 2-carboxamido-3-arylsulfonylthiophenes and related compounds as a new class of diarylsulfones

One step synthesis of 6,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a][1,3]pyrimidines

Antiviral properties of new arylsulfone derivatives with activity against human betaherpesviruses

Synthesis of substituted 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4‐methylpyrroles

Synthesis of N-1-Substituted 2-Amino-3-t-butoxycarbonyl-4,5- dimethylpyrroles