Hervouet Yves. The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism. In: Archives de sciences sociales des religions, n°42, 1976. pp. 220-221.

The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism

"Aspect" refers to the process of movement and changes of status,indicating various conditions of movement and status in a certain period of time."Aspect" is not specific to a particular language but contained in all languages,with different expressions.The paper studies the affirmative expression of "(～テ)シマウ" and its corresponding Chinese translation.The expression of the Chinese translation is diverse with marked and unmarked.

On Chinese Translation of "(～テ)シマウ"

This chapter presents a preliminary survey and analysis of elements of Buddhist origin found in a selection of about 120 Daoist scriptures that can safely be assumed to be "early", that is, to date from the period between the Later Han and the early sixth century. It surveys the stylistic and terminological features that form the category of "formal borrowings", and the "conceptual" borrowings which will be treated in relation to a number of Buddhist technical expressions that frequently figure in body of Daoist texts. The chapter confines to Buddhist Mahāyāna sūtras , which seems to be the only category of Buddhist literature that has influenced the Daoist scriptures as far as style and terminology are concerned. For the purpose of description, the author distinguishes three types of borrowings: stylistic features; the use of idiomatic expressions; and the influence of transcribed Sanskrit terms and proper names. Keywords: Buddhist origin; Daoist scriptures; idiomatic expressions; Mahāyāna sūtras ; stylistic features; transcribed Sanskrit terms

Buddhist Influence on Early Daoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence [10]

This chapter presents a summary of the purely linguistic features of early Chinese Buddhist texts, and concentrates on matters of terminology and style. One can assume that the vernacular character of the scriptural idiom was weakened by the very fact of its being written down in a script which had become fully adapted to a largely artificial monosyllabic literary language. In spite of occasional terminological borrowings from Confucian and Daoist lore, the most striking aspect of Han Buddhism is its novelty. In many cases these may have been variations within a common fund of religious and magical lore without any special affinity either to Confucianism or to Daoism. In fact, the terminology of Buddhist texts contains a number of quaint Chinese "equivalents" that look like borrowings from unknown sources of Chinese religious lore. Keywords: Chinese religious lore; Confucianism; Daoism; early Chinese Buddhist texts; Han Buddhism; monosyllabic literary language; scriptural idiom; terminological borrowings

A New Look at the Earliest Chinese Buddhist Texts [27]

This chapter confines to the most basic aspect of the materials used: the fact that they consist of a very particular kind of written Chinese that can be studied, analyzed, and compared with other types of contemporary written idiom. It draws attention to this untapped mine of information and stimulates its use by professional linguists. The chapter presents six sample topics dealing with: lexical composition; the use of verbal complements; changes in the pronominal system; the use of some "empty words": er , yu , zhe ; the use of enclitic - gu ; wei and zuo . Early Buddhist transcriptions can at best be used as a secondary tool, corroborating (or invalidating) certain conclusions reached by other ways and means. The no doubt confusing mass of grammatical features and text examples presented in the chapter is primarily intended to substantiate a four-fold working hypothesis. Keywords: early Buddhist transcriptions; empty words; enclitic word; lexical composition; pronominal system; verbal complements; written Chinese

Late Han Vernacular Elements in the Earliest Buddhist Translations [7]

“Buddhism for Chinese Readers”: Zhi Qian’s Literary Refinements in the Foshuo pusa benye jing

Further Reflections on Zhi Qian’s Foshuo Pusa Benye Jing: Some Terminological Questions

The Sāgaramatiparipṛcchā, “Questions of the Oceanic Intelligence,” is the fifth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta, “Great Collection,” and is a canonical work belonging to the tradition of Mahāyāna sūtra literature. This sūtra is highly valued in the long history of Mahāyāna Buddhism for its thematic and metaphorical richness, as it personifies the ocean (Skt. sāgara) to represent core aspects of the Mahāyāna doctrinal system. This paper presents two small Sanskrit fragments of the Sāgaramatiparipṛcchā recently identified in the Schøyen Collection, with transliteration and annotated translation. In order to provide a fuller picture of the textual history of the Sāgaramatiparipṛcchā, a quotation from the text on votive tablets from Kedah, Malaysia, is also discussed. These materials are employed as a case study within the context of tangible and intangible heritage. On the basis of the UNESCO declaration of 2003, it is argued that these two kinds of heritage are intrinsically interlinked, and that the categories and their pertaining definitions can be broadened so as to be relevant to more traditions and their heritage.

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Jaehee Han

Papers

“Buddhism for Chinese Readers”: Zhi Qian’s Literary Refinements in the Foshuo pusa benye jing

Further Reflections on Zhi Qian’s Foshuo Pusa Benye Jing: Some Terminological Questions

Material Heritage of the Sāgaramatiparipṛcchā: Manuscripts and Inscribed Tablets

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