Fouling release coatings: a nontoxic alternative to biocidal antifouling coatings.

Fluorinated organometallics: Perfluoroalkyl and functionalized perfluoroalkyl organometallic reagents in organic synthesis

Sustainable routes to polyurethane precursors

Marine biofouling generally refers to the undesirable accumulation of biological organisms on surfaces in contact with seawater. This natural phenomenon represents a major economic concern for marine industries, e.g. for ships and vessels, oil and wind-turbine sea-platforms, pipelines, water valves and filters, as it limits the performance of devices, materials and underwater structures and increases the costs related to transport delays, hull maintenance and repair, cleaning and desalination units, corrosion and structure break-down. In the last few decades, many efforts have been spent into developing efficient antifouling (AF) surfaces (coatings) combining advances in materials science and recent knowledge of marine chemistry and biology. However, the extensive use of toxic and harmful compounds in the formulations raised increasing health and environmental concerns leading to stricter regulations which pushed marine industries to search for new AF strategies. This review presents the recent research progress made in green strategies for AF coatings using non-toxic, non-biocide-release based principles for marine applications. The two main approaches, detachment of biofoulants or preventing biofoulants attachment, are reviewed in detail and new promising routes based on amphiphilic, (super)hydrophilic, and topographic (structured) surfaces are highlighted. The chemical and physical aspects of the AF mechanisms behind the AF strategies reviewed are emphasized, with special attention to the early stages of biofoulant adhesion, keeping the focus on the materials' molecular structure and properties which allow obtaining the final desired antifouling behaviour.

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Non-toxic, non-biocide-release antifouling coatings based on molecular structure design for marine applications

Polycyanate esters: Science and applications

Preparation a partir de bisphtalonitrile ponte avec de l'oxygene, du soufre ou du selenium. Insolubilite dans l'acide sulfurique indique une teneur elevee en phtalocyanine dans le polymere reticule ponte avec de l'oxygene. Les polymeres et composes modeles ont une resistivite electrique elevee et ne peuvent etre dopes par l'iode

Syntheses and characterization of heteroatom-bridged metal-free phthalocyanine network polymers and model compounds

Synthesis of Phthalonitriles by Nitro Displacement

Fluorinated Naval Coatings

The synthesis of highly fluorinated phthalonitrile resins and cure studies

The concept of producing coating sufficiently anti-adhesive that marine foaling organisms attached to the surface can be removed by relatively small mechanical forces is being investigated. Central to this effort is a group of new fluorinated resins of the epoxy and polyurethane classes which provide properties in ambient-cured coatings not previously attainable. Fluorocarbon properties and silicone properties can be imparted to coatings ranging in physical consistency from elastomers to hard plastics, and the combination of physicochemical alteration with application ease in the manner of conventional paints allows fouling-release experiments never previously attempted. Some of these include the bonding of silicone-filled porous Teflon to underwater surfaces, painting with Teflon pigmented epoxies and polyurethanes enhances by silicone additives, and the bonding of elastomeric sheets with flame-fused surfaces.



Some experiments have been performed to assess the ease of fouling removal from Teflon-filled fluorinated polyurethanes, and it has been demonstrated that all but the most tenacious organism can be removed by small-stream water blasting at nozzle pressures between 50 and 600 psi. Some evidence has also been accumulated which suggests that turbulent regions such as steering plans in a propeller stream, may be cleaned by ships' motion.

James R. Griffith

Papers

Syntheses and characterization of heteroatom-bridged metal-free phthalocyanine network polymers and model compounds

Synthesis of Phthalonitriles by Nitro Displacement

Fluorinated Naval Coatings

The synthesis of highly fluorinated phthalonitrile resins and cure studies

Fouling release coatings