[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

http://www1.udel.edu/chem/polenova/PDF/Polyoxometalates/POMs_Catalysis_NMR_ChemRev1998.pdf

Catalysis by Heteropoly Acids and Multicomponent Polyoxometalates in Liquid-Phase Reactions

Dry (CO2) reforming of methane (DRM) is a well-studied reaction that is of both scientific and industrial importance. This reaction produces syngas that can be used to produce a wide range of products, such as higher alkanes and oxygenates by means of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. DRM is inevitably accompanied by deactivation due to carbon deposition. DRM is also a highly endothermic reaction and requires operating temperatures of 800–1000 °C to attain high equilibrium conversion of CH4 and CO2 to H2 and CO and to minimize the thermodynamic driving force for carbon deposition. The most widely used catalysts for DRM are based on Ni. However, many of these catalysts undergo severe deactivation due to carbon deposition. Noble metals have also been studied and are typically found to be much more resistant to carbon deposition than Ni catalysts, but are generally uneconomical. Noble metals can also be used to promote the Ni catalysts in order to increase their resistance to deactivation. In order to design catalysts that minimize deactivation, it is necessary to understand the elementary steps involved in the activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2. This review will cover DRM literature for catalysts based on Rh, Ru, Pt, and Pd metals. This includes the effect of these noble metals on the kinetics, mechanism and deactivation of these catalysts.

A review of dry (CO2) reforming of methane over noble metal catalysts

Conversion of Biomass into Chemicals over Metal Catalysts

CO2 conversion covers a wide range of possible application areas from fuels to bulk and commodity chemicals and even to specialty products with biological activity such as pharmaceuticals. In the present review, we discuss selected examples in these areas in a combined analysis of the state-of-the-art of synthetic methodologies and processes with their life cycle assessment. Thereby, we attempted to assess the potential to reduce the environmental footprint in these application fields relative to the current petrochemical value chain. This analysis and discussion differs significantly from a viewpoint on CO2 utilization as a measure for global CO2 mitigation. Whereas the latter focuses on reducing the end-of-pipe problem “CO2 emissions” from todays’ industries, the approach taken here tries to identify opportunities by exploiting a novel feedstock that avoids the utilization of fossil resource in transition toward more sustainable future production. Thus, the motivation to develop CO2-based chemistry does...

Sustainable Conversion of Carbon Dioxide: An Integrated Review of Catalysis and Life Cycle Assessment

Phenol oxidation by hydrogen peroxide was performed on iron containing clays, pillared by Al or mixed Al–Fe complexes. The Al–Fe pillared clay has shown good performances towards the total phenol oxidation (80% of TOC abatement at 70 °C). From ESR characterization, it was deduced that on Al pillared clay, iron is present as isolated species, probably located on the clay layer and as oxide clusters, whereas on Al–Fe pillared clay, in addition of these preceding species, an other isolated species was detected, probably located on the pillars. From the catalytic results, it can be concluded that this latter species catalyzes more efficiently the total phenol oxidation than the others do. A long time (350 h) catalytic experiment in a continuous flow reactor has shown the high stability of the Al–Fe pillared clay, the total amount of dissolved iron by the reaction being less than 5 wt.% of the iron initially contained in the catalyst.

Active iron species in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over pillared clays containing iron

A series of manganese based catalysts have been tested in a combined plasma-catalyst reactor in the reaction of toluene removal from air. In the standard conditions (toluene = 240 ppm, energy density = 172 J/L, 1 g of catalyst, 315 mL/min), the best catalyst (manganese oxide supported on active carbon) is able to transform 55% of the toluene into carbon oxides. According to the study of the reaction mechanism, it appears that the toluene is oxidized both in-plasma by short-lived species generated by plasma and in post-plasma on the catalyst surface by the ozone formed in the plasma, the reaction on the catalyst being more selective in carbon dioxide formation than the reaction in plasma. We have shown that the toluene conversion increases when the toluene concentration in air decreases. A model able to describe the behavior of the plasma reactor and the plasma-catalyst reactor is proposed.

Combination of a non-thermal plasma and a catalyst for toluene removal from air: Manganese based oxide catalysts

Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol by pillared clays containing Al–Ce–Fe

Oxidation of 2-heptanone in air by a DBD-type plasma generated within a honeycomb monolith supported Pt-based catalyst

The conversion of biogas (mixture CH 4 /CO 2 : 60/40) was studied using pulsed dielectric barrier discharges at different temperatures The influence of the presence of a catalyst obtained after reduction of the perovskite LaNiO 3 was reported The main products of the reaction were hydrogen and carbon monoxide, but hydrocarbons such as: C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 3 H 8 , trace amounts of C4 to C6, and oxygenate compounds: methanol, ethanol, and acetone, were also formedThe conversion increased with the temperature, the selectivity of light hydrocarbons (C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 ) is maximum at 673 K When the temperature is higher than 673 K, CO production is favoured resulting most probably from the reaction between deposited carbon and an active oxygen species The results showed that the plasma catalyst association facilitates the CO 2 activation and influences the product selectivities It is possible to admit that the metallic nickel species react as “radicals trap”, while the basicity of the La 2 O 3 favours the activation of CO 2 increasing the CO selectivity as soon as discharge plasma are combined with the catalyst

Jean-Michel Tatibouët

Papers

Active iron species in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over pillared clays containing iron

Combination of a non-thermal plasma and a catalyst for toluene removal from air: Manganese based oxide catalysts

Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol by pillared clays containing Al–Ce–Fe

Oxidation of 2-heptanone in air by a DBD-type plasma generated within a honeycomb monolith supported Pt-based catalyst

Use of a non-thermal plasma for the production of synthesis gas from biogas