Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits

Business model generation : a handbook for visionaries,game changers, and challengers / written by AlexanderOsterwalder and Yves Pigneur ; design, Alan Smith ; editorand contributing co-author, Tim Clark ; production,Patrick van der Pijl ; co-created by an amazing crowd of470 practitioners from 45 countries

I. the origin of species by means of natural selection

The Natural History of Pollination.

Population genetics I: genetic variation, random and non-random mating -- Population genetics II: changes in allele frequency -- Quantitative genetics I: genetic variation -- Quantitative genetics II: advanced topics -- Natural selection on phenotypes -- Applied ecological genetics.

A Primer of Ecological Genetics

Plant traits that increase pollinator visitation should be under strong selection. However, few studies have demonstrated a causal link between natural variation in attractive traits and natural variation in visitation to whole plants. Here we examine the effects of flower number and size on visitation to wild radish by two taxa of pollinators over 3 years, using a combination of multiple regression and experimental reductions in both traits. We found strong, consistent evidence that increases in both flower number and size cause increased visitation by syrphid flies. The results for small bees were harder to interpret, because the multiple regression and experimental manipulation results did not agree. It is likely that increased flower size causes a weak increase in small-bee visitation, but strong relationships between flower number and small-bee visitation seen in 2 years of observational studies were not corroborated by experimental manipulation of this trait. Small bees may actually have responded to an unmeasured trait correlated with flower number, or lower small-bee abundances when the flower number manipulation was conducted may have reduced our ability to detect a causal relationship. We conclude that studies using only 1 year, one method, or measuring only one trait may not provide an adequate understanding of the effects of plant traits on pollinator attraction.

Effects of flower size and number on pollinator visitation to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum

Plants are subject o selection exerted by both herbivores and pollinators simultaneously. Despite this fact, no previous tudy has directly linked foliar herbivory and pollination. A few studies have addressed how floral displays that attract pollinators may subsequently attract seed predators, when flowers mature to fruits (Campbell 1991; Brody 1992), but no one has examined how folivore-caused changes in floral characters, particularly corolla characters, affect pollinators. In the past, it has been assumed that floral characters, and particularly corolla characters, are relatively invariant because of the fitness consequences that reduced attractiveness to pollinators may have for self-incompatible plants (e.g., Harper 1977, p. 195). However, it is well known that natural variation in flower size, flower number, nectar production, and pollen production affects the attractiveness of plants to pollinators (e.g., Schemske 1980; Roubick and Buchmann 1984; Willmer 1986; Stanton and Preston 1988; Galen 1989). Effects of foliar herbivory on floral traits other than flower number are not well known (but see McKone 1989; Frazee and Marquis 1994; Quesada et al. 1995). Herbivore damage directly to corollas reduced the attractiveness of flowers to pollinators (Karban and Strauss 1993). The effects of foliar damage by herbivores on floral traits and, in turn, on the attractiveness of plants to pollinators have been generally ignored (Crawley 1989; Marquis 1992). The significance of floral responses to foliar herbivory is twofold. First, estimates of the effects of herbivory on plant fitness based on female fitness (seed production) may be misleading if plants suffer a reduction in male fitness (number of seeds sired on other plants through pollen). Herbivory affecting attractiveness to pollinators has the potential to strongly influence plant fitness through male function, since visitation rates can often affect male fitness (number of seeds sired by pollen) more strongly than female plant fitness (numbers of seeds set) (Bell 1985). Only a handful of studies have documented male and female plant fitness imultaneously, and at least three have shown that male and female plant fitness are either negatively or only weakly correlated (Bertin 1982; Ennos and Dodson 1987; Schlichting and Devlin 1989; Broyles and Wyatt 1990; Devlin and Ellstrand 1990). Thus, the impact of herbivory on the fitness of hermaphroditic plants requires knowledge of both male and female reproductive success. Second, how plants have evolved to respond to damage from herbivores in allocation patterns to floral resources may be influenced or constrained by floral adaptations

Foliar Herbivory Affects Floral Characters and Plant Attractiveness to Pollinators: Implications for Male and Female Plant Fitness

Genetic correlations can have profound effects on evolutionary change (Lande and Arnold, 1983; Mitchell-Olds and Rutledge, 1986). Present patterns of genetic correlations in an organism may be caused by pre-existing pleiotropic and developmental relationships among traits and may produce constraints on evolution by natural selection (Cheverud, 1984; Maynard Smith et aI., 1985; Via and Lande, 1985; Futuyma, 1986; Mitchell-Olds and Rutledge, 1986; Barker and Thomas, 1987; Clark, 1987a; Zeng, 1988). Alternatively, selection may directly alter the patterns of genetic correlations, especially in cases in which two or more traits interact to perform a given function (Cheverud, 1984; Lande, 1984; Clark, 1987a. 1987b). In this paper we examine the patterns of phenotypic and additive genetic correlations among 10 morphological and life-history traits in wild radish plants. We hypothesized that some ofthese correlations have been influenced by selection. We predicted that floral and vegetative traits would be uncorrelated and that correlations among the lengths of the corolla tube, pistil and stamens would be higher than the rest of the floral correlations. The results were consistent with most of these predictions. Wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae), is an annual weed of disturbed areas. The hermaphroditic flowers of wild radish are almost entirely selfincompatible (Sampson, 1964; Stanton et aI., 1989) and this species does not propagate vegetatively, so virtually all reproduction depends on successful insect pollination. Wild radish is pollinated by a variety of insects, mainly bees, butterflies, and flies (Kay, 1976;

Jeffrey K. Conner

Papers

The Natural History of Pollination.

A Primer of Ecological Genetics

Effects of flower size and number on pollinator visitation to wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum

Foliar Herbivory Affects Floral Characters and Plant Attractiveness to Pollinators: Implications for Male and Female Plant Fitness

Patterns of phenotypic and genetic correlations among morphological and life-history traits in wild radish, raphanus raphanistrum.