The roots of two cultivars of Paeonia, namely Paeonia officinalis "Rubra Plena" and Paeonia "Pink Hawaiian Coral", have been extracted with chloroform. The composition of the lipid fraction, analyzed by GC-MS technique, revealed the absence of paeonol and the presence of phenol, benzoic acid, fatty acid-and some sterol-derivatives. The chloroformic extracts have been tested on normal and several cancer cell lines but showed antiproliferative activity only on the ovarian carcinoma and the osteosarcoma. The biological activity of extracts was investigated mainly by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and quantum phase imaging. The results indicated that the root extracts induced a hyperpolarization of mitochondria and an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, without inducing cell death. These effects are associated to an increased doubling time and a retarded confluence.

Root Extracts of Two Cultivars of Paeonia Species: Lipid Composition and Biological Effects on Different Cell Lines: Preliminary Results

Rice bug, Leptocorisa oratorius (F.), is the main pest of rice plants which can reduce rice productivity significantly. Natural insecticide from plant extract compounds, such as Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.), is an alternative to reduce the attack of these pests and environmental friendly. This research aimed to study the effect of abiotic stress on plant growth and secondary metabolites profiles of P. crocatum leaves that have potential compounds as an insecticide. The research design used a split-split plot design with three factors, namely drought stress 100, 50 and 25% Field Capacity (FC) light treatment (without shade, shade net 65% and shade net 75%) and fertilizer application (guano and NPK). Data analysis used ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for growth data, also GC-MS test for profile metabolites analysis. The research showed that the combination of 100% FC, guano and without shade (W1F1L1) treatment produced the best plant growth. The combination of 50% FC, NPK and without shade (W2F2L1) had the highest potential to increase the type of insecticide compounds, while the treatment of 100% FC, NPK and shade net 75% (W1F2L3) produced the highest insecticide total compounds. There were 32 types of compounds potentially acted as an insecticide in the red betel leaf chloroform extracts. The compound groups covered terpene, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, diterpene and others. The combination of abiotic stress in the form of drought stress, light treatment and fertilizer application affected the growth of P. crocatum in terms of plant morphology and biomass. It also could increased the type and content of bioactive compounds in leaves of P. crocatum. The W2F2L1 was the best treatment to increase the type of insecticide compounds and the growths of red betel.

Abiotic Stress Elicitation on Secondary Metabolites of Red Betel ( Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) Leaves as Potential Repellent for Rice Bug ( Leptocorisa oratorius (F.)

Hand washing is a simple thing but that is very imp ortant as one as a trick prevention for infection d isease. The study is implemented by using research experimental . As an independent variable is washing hands with some materials and as a dependent variable is counting t he colony. The materials that used isPiper crocatum extract, hand soap with no antiseptic, and hand soap with an tiseptic. Sample quantity for each material is 14 p eoples. The percentage decrease of total colony numbers after w ashing hands with piper crocatum extractis71.21%, withnoantisepticsoap33.68%, and43.69% with antisept ic soap, respectively. Microbe quantity counted by before and after hand washing and analyzed by t-test paired. H and washing used by three materials indicated stati stical of microbe numeral (p<0,005). Water, tissue/napkin dry er, and the behavior of hand washing can be influen ce the total microbe after hand washing. Decline significa nt mean compare of before hand washing is with use antiseptic handsoap and Piper crocatum methanolic extract.

Antimicrobial activities of methanol extract of Sir ih Merah (Piper crocatum L. ) lleaf

Rice (Oryza sativa), with a global production of around 770 million tons, is a widely consumed staple cereal in Asian countries. The Food and Agricultural Organization has declared it as a strategic crop for global food security. During their life cycle and development, these plants go through the vegetative, reproductive and ripening phases. Each of these phases is susceptible to attack by several kinds of bacterial, fungal, viral and insect pests, which ultimately lead to premature crop death and subsequent yield losses. Control of these pests is most effectively and quickly achieved by treating plants with synthetic chemicals and their agroformulations. But biological/herbal constituents and their combinations can also control specific types of pests over a longer period of time. Moreover, currently, smart techniques, technologies, and materials for pest control have overcome several constraints associated with conventional systems. Nanotechnology has especially proven to be a boon, and so have emulsion formulations that facilitate controlled and sustained release of loaded actives to achieve a better efficacy with minimal environmental impact. Genetically resistant plant varieties, which are naturally resistant to specific pests, and do not need additional treatments to prevent pathogenic attacks, are also being developed. All these agents have specific implications that include environmental policies, potency issues, necessitated time of action, repeated usage requirements, long-term efficacy, and pest resistance development. This review describes rice plants’ developmental stages, pests that attack during these stages, and importantly also focuses on traditional and emerging pest control management strategies for achieving improved yields and economic sustainability.

Current Trends and Emerging Technologies for Pest Control Management of Rice (Oryza sativa) Plants

Tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan tanaman pangan utama di Indonesia, karena lebih dari 50% penduduknya mengkonsumsi beras sebagai makanan pokok. Budidaya padi sawah dijumpai beberapa kendala, satu diantara kendala tersebut adalah hama walang sangit (Leptocorisa acuta). Walang sangit pada padi sawah dan padi darat merupakan hama penting yang merusak bulir padi. Hal ini tidak terkecuali pada padi sawah di Bengkulu, yang secara khusus belum banyak kajiannya. Dengan demikian, penting untuk mempelajari keberadaan hama ini dan kerusakan yang ditimbulkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepadatan dan kerusakan yang ditimbulkan hama walang sangit pada pertanaman padi sawah. 
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 8 April hingga 12 Mei 2012 di persawahan Kelurahan Dusun Besar Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian menggunakan metode survey pada areal sawah kurang lebih 1 ha. Petak sampel pengamatan berukuran 1 m x 1 m sebanyak 20 petak yang ditentukan secara sistematik, yaitu sepanjang garis diagonal dengan jarak antar titik sampel kurang lebih 14 m. Pengamatan dilakukan sekali dalam seminggu, dimulai sebelum fase generatif hingga menjelang panen. Variabel yang diamati adalah kepadatan walang sangit (telur, nimfa, imago) dan intensitas kerusakan bulir padi. Kepadatan walang sangit diamati dengan menangkap pada tiap titik sampel menggunakan jaring serangga yang diayun sebanyak 10 kali sambil berjalan 10 langkah, searah baris tanaman padi. Walang sangit yang ditangkap dihitung dan dilepas kembali. Intensitas kerusakan bulir padi diamati pada 5 rumpun tanaman padi tiap petak pengamatan, kemudian mengambil 1 batang pada masing-masing rumpun. Sampel ditentukan secara sistematis, yaitu dari satu petak diambil rumpun di tiap sudut dan satu rumpun di tengah petak. Untuk tiap batang sampel pada tiap rumpun diambil satu batang secara acak. Selanjutnya setiap batang padi diamati 3 tangkai sekunder malai dengan cara diselang-seling, yaitu pangkal, tengah dan ujung. Data yang diperoleh dari pengamatan tiap minggu dirata-ratakan dan disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik. 
Kepadatan walang sangit selama penelitian menunjukan peningkatan pada setiap minggu pengamatan. Kepadatan walang sangit pada 7 MST – 9 MST tergolong rendah dibandingkan pada 10 MST – 12 MST, karena belum tersedia makanan utama (fase vegetatif), curah hujan cukup tinggi, penyiangan gulma oleh petani. Peningkatan kepadatan walang sangit secara nyata pada 10 MST – 12 MST, karena memasuki fase generatif (masak susu), curah hujan berkurang, migrasi dari areal sawah lain. Bulir padi terserang walang sangit terdapat bercak hitam bekas tusukan stiletny, pada gejala lanjutan bercak meluas karena jamur. Bulir padi yang rusak karena walang sangit menjadi hampa atau tidak terisi penuh. Intensitas kerusakan bulir padi meningkat dari 9 MST – 12 MST, terutama pad 11 MST – 12 MST. 
Walang sangit pada padi sawah di Kelurahan Dusun Besar didapatkan kepadatan pada pengamatan 7 MST – 12 MST adalah 0,6 ekor – 18, 7 ekor, sedangkan untuk intensitas kerusakan bulir padi pada 9 MST – 12 MST adalah 5,59% - 14,23%. Intensitas kerusakan bulir padi meningkat pada tiap pengamatan seiring bertambahnya kepadatan walang sangit. Penelitian selanjutnya akan lebih baik menggunakan atau menambah metode pengamatan kepadatan walang sangit yang lain, seperti penggunaan perangkap bangkai dan vakum atau sungkup, serta pengamatan kelompok telur sebaiknya dipisah dari sampel pengamatan lain.

INSIDENSI SEMUSIM WALANG SANGIT Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg PADA PADI SAWAH DI DUSUN BESAR

Rice ear bug (Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius) is still classified as the top of five pests that cause the most losses in rice farming productivity. The attack causes the grain to become empty resulted in reducing the yield of grain up to 40% even to 100%. Betel plants (Genus Piper) are easy to grow and grown by almost all households in Indonesia. Ethnobotany showed that betel is used as one of the insect controllers. This research aimed to study the repellant activities of five species of Piper Original Research Article Nugroho et al.; ARRB, 35(9): 34-45, 2020; Article no.ARRB.60165 35 spp. and their phytochemical composition based on CG-MS chromatograms. Moreover, the active compounds were analyzed in potent plant. The repellant activities of chloroform and methanol extract of P. betle, P. aduncum, P. nigrum, P. longum, and P. crocatum were applied using modified olfactometer, while the phytochemical composition were analyzed using GC-MS. The compounds with insecticidal activity in the potent species were analyzed by the references. The results showed that chloroform extract of P. crocatum was the most potent extract. It contains 28 specific compounds which were not found in other species. Literature studies showed that compounds that had repellent activities are monoterpene and sesquiterpene groups.

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Jekli

Papers

Repellent Activity of Piper spp. Leaves Extracts on Rice Ear Bugs (Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius) and the Characters of Its Volatile Compounds