Conspecific females and males often follow different development trajectories which leads to sex differences in age at maturity (sexual bimaturism, SBM). Whether SBM is typically selected for per se (direct selection hypothesis) or merely represents a side-effect of other sex-related adaptations (indirect selection hypothesis) is, however, still an open question. Substantial interspecific variation in the direction and degree of SBM, both in invertebrates and vertebrates, calls for multi-species studies to understand the relative importance of its evolutionary drivers. Here we use two complementary approaches to evaluate the evolutionary basis of SBM in insects. For this purpose, we assembled an extensive literature-derived data set of sex-specific development times and body sizes for a taxonomically and ecologically wide range of species. We use these data in a meta-analytic framework to evaluate support for the direct and indirect selection hypotheses. Our results confirm that protandry - males emerging as adults before females - is the prevailing form of SBM in insects. Nevertheless, protandry is not as ubiquitous as often presumed: females emerged before males (= protogyny) in about 36% of the 192 species for which we had data. Moreover, in a considerable proportion of species, the sex difference in the timing of adult emergence was negligible. In search for the evolutionary basis of SBM, we found stronger support for the hypothesis that explains SBM by indirect selection. First, across species, the direction and degree of SBM appeared to be positively associated with the direction and degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). This is consistent with the view that SBM is a correlative by-product of evolution towards sexually dimorphic body sizes. Second, within protandrous species, the degree of protandry typically increased with plastic increase in development time, with females prolonging their development more than males in unfavourable conditions. This pattern is in conflict with the direct selection hypothesis, which predicts the degree of protandry to be insensitive to the quality of the juvenile environment. These converging lines of evidence support the idea that, in insects, SBM is generally a by-product of SSD rather than a result of selection on the two sexes to mature at different times. It appears plausible that selective pressures on maturation time per se generally cannot compete with viability- and fecundity-mediated selection on insect body sizes. Nevertheless, exceptions certainly exist: there are undeniable cases of SBM where this trait has evolved in response to direct selection. In such cases, either the advantage of sex difference in maturation time must have been particularly large, or fitness effects of body size have been unusually weak.

Why do males emerge before females? Sexual size dimorphism drives sexual bimaturism in insects.

The roots of two cultivars of Paeonia, namely Paeonia officinalis "Rubra Plena" and Paeonia "Pink Hawaiian Coral", have been extracted with chloroform. The composition of the lipid fraction, analyzed by GC-MS technique, revealed the absence of paeonol and the presence of phenol, benzoic acid, fatty acid-and some sterol-derivatives. The chloroformic extracts have been tested on normal and several cancer cell lines but showed antiproliferative activity only on the ovarian carcinoma and the osteosarcoma. The biological activity of extracts was investigated mainly by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and quantum phase imaging. The results indicated that the root extracts induced a hyperpolarization of mitochondria and an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, without inducing cell death. These effects are associated to an increased doubling time and a retarded confluence.

Root Extracts of Two Cultivars of Paeonia Species: Lipid Composition and Biological Effects on Different Cell Lines: Preliminary Results

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan morfometrik lebah madu pekerja Apis cerana berdasarkan perbedaan tempat hidup pada dataran tinggi (500- 0,05). Berat badan dan panjang femur tungkai belakang tertinggi diperoleh pada lebah madu dataran tinggi (Kepahiang), sedangkan panjang probosis tertinggi diperoleh pada lebah madu alami di dataran rendah (Kota Bengkulu). Ada indikasi bahwa perbedaan ini terjadi dalam upaya proses adaptasi lebah terhadap lingkungan hidupnya. Dari temuan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa ketinggian tempat hidup berpengaruh terhadap morfometrik lebah madu pekerja Apis cerana. Kata Kunci : Apis cerana, morfometrik, ketinggian tempat

/pdf/analisis-morfometrik-lebah-madu-pekerja-apis-cerana-budidaya-1nxj3dvmqz.pdf

Analisis Morfometrik Lebah Madu Pekerja Apis cerana Budidaya pada Dua Ketinggian Tempat yang Berbeda

Rice bug, Leptocorisa oratorius (F.), is the main pest of rice plants which can reduce rice productivity significantly. Natural insecticide from plant extract compounds, such as Red Betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.), is an alternative to reduce the attack of these pests and environmental friendly. This research aimed to study the effect of abiotic stress on plant growth and secondary metabolites profiles of P. crocatum leaves that have potential compounds as an insecticide. The research design used a split-split plot design with three factors, namely drought stress 100, 50 and 25% Field Capacity (FC) light treatment (without shade, shade net 65% and shade net 75%) and fertilizer application (guano and NPK). Data analysis used ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) for growth data, also GC-MS test for profile metabolites analysis. The research showed that the combination of 100% FC, guano and without shade (W1F1L1) treatment produced the best plant growth. The combination of 50% FC, NPK and without shade (W2F2L1) had the highest potential to increase the type of insecticide compounds, while the treatment of 100% FC, NPK and shade net 75% (W1F2L3) produced the highest insecticide total compounds. There were 32 types of compounds potentially acted as an insecticide in the red betel leaf chloroform extracts. The compound groups covered terpene, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, diterpene and others. The combination of abiotic stress in the form of drought stress, light treatment and fertilizer application affected the growth of P. crocatum in terms of plant morphology and biomass. It also could increased the type and content of bioactive compounds in leaves of P. crocatum. The W2F2L1 was the best treatment to increase the type of insecticide compounds and the growths of red betel.

Abiotic Stress Elicitation on Secondary Metabolites of Red Betel ( Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) Leaves as Potential Repellent for Rice Bug ( Leptocorisa oratorius (F.)

Trigona bees' food resources can be determined either directly based on flowering plants live closed to the nest or based on pollen diversity inside the nest There is no study about Trogona bee's food resources determination based on pollen diversity inside the bee colony's nest This study aimed to determine plant food resources based on pollen diversity found inside the Trigona nest This research was conducted in Serang village, sub-district of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency Pollen samples were taken from flowering plants lives around the nest and those in the nest and then were prepared using the acetolysis method The variables observed were pollen morphology, with parameters such as unit, shape, size, aperture, and ornamentation The data obtained were analyzed descriptively Based on pollen diversity, 43 species and 22 plant families were live around Trigonanest in Serang Village Forty-one pollen types were found inside the Trigonas' nest, with 37 of them are identic to the pollen collected from flowers around the nest It can be concluded that 37 species of flowering plants could be determined as food resources for the Trigona bee based on pollen diversity inside the nest This research provides the first data about feed resources for Trigona bee in Serang Village based on pollen diversity The results provide essential information about food resources, which is vital for the development of Trigona bee cultivation

/pdf/feed-resources-determination-based-on-pollen-diversity-in-3lo2r6aj8s.pdf

Feed Resources Determination Based on Pollen Diversity in Trigona Bees (Trigona sp.) Colony

Potensi peningkatan produksi madu dan propolis yang dihasilkan oleh lebah tanpa sengat (Trigona) sangat besar, karena banyaknya tanaman sumber pakan yang tumbuh di Kab. Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. Keberadaan jenis lebah Trigona ini belum banyak diketahui oleh masyarakat terutama di daerah Gunungkidul. Tujuan penelitian untuk mempelajari keragaman dan karakteristik tanaman pakan Trigona. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2012 - Maret 2013 di desa Nglipar kab. Gunungkidul. Identifikasi polen yang diambil dari sarang Trigona menunjukkan bahwa ada 13 jenis tanaman yang menjadi sumber pakan Trigona, akan tetapi hanya 3 jenis polen yang cocok dengan polen yang diambil dari bunga di sekitar sarang yaitu Carica papaya, Nephelium longan, dan Cosmos caudatus. Hal ini diduga karena polen yang ada di sarang merupakan polen yang dikoleksi oleh leba dari periode berbunga sebelumnya, sehingga tidak terdapat banyak kecocokan dengan polen yang diambil dari tanaman disekitar sarang karena beberapa tanaman tidak menghasilkan bunga pada saat pengambilan sampel.

/pdf/identifikasi-macam-sumber-pakan-lebah-trigona-sp-hymenoptera-4gsn76junn.pdf

Identifikasi Macam Sumber Pakan Lebah Trigona sp (Hymenoptera: Apidae) di Kabupaten Gunungkidul

Rice ear bug (Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius) is still classified as the top of five pests that cause the most losses in rice farming productivity. The attack causes the grain to become empty resulted in reducing the yield of grain up to 40% even to 100%. Betel plants (Genus Piper) are easy to grow and grown by almost all households in Indonesia. Ethnobotany showed that betel is used as one of the insect controllers. This research aimed to study the repellant activities of five species of Piper Original Research Article Nugroho et al.; ARRB, 35(9): 34-45, 2020; Article no.ARRB.60165 35 spp. and their phytochemical composition based on CG-MS chromatograms. Moreover, the active compounds were analyzed in potent plant. The repellant activities of chloroform and methanol extract of P. betle, P. aduncum, P. nigrum, P. longum, and P. crocatum were applied using modified olfactometer, while the phytochemical composition were analyzed using GC-MS. The compounds with insecticidal activity in the potent species were analyzed by the references. The results showed that chloroform extract of P. crocatum was the most potent extract. It contains 28 specific compounds which were not found in other species. Literature studies showed that compounds that had repellent activities are monoterpene and sesquiterpene groups.

/pdf/repellent-activity-of-piper-spp-leaves-extracts-on-rice-ear-3uizbqbqha.pdf

Repellent Activity of Piper spp. Leaves Extracts on Rice Ear Bugs (Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius) and the Characters of Its Volatile Compounds

Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt.) is a bioinsecticide that is often used as an alternative for controlling tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). However, this bioinsecticide might easily degraded by ultraviolet (UV) from the sun light. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of eri, Samia ricini Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and atlas moth, Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) cocoon extracts as UV B protectants for Bt. against the larval stage of tobacco cutworm. Cocoon extracts of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 2.5% of eri and atlas sericin was added respectively to make Bt. suspensions at 10LC95 (2 × 108 spores/ml). After that, the suspensions then exposed under UV B lights at laboratory conditions for 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Then, the pathogenicity was tested against 25 individuals of 1st larval instar of tobacco cutworm using three replicates. The results showed that the mortality percentage of tobacco cutworm treated with cocoon added Bt. were significant difference compared to Bt. alone. At the 1st week of UV B exposure, the mortality of tobacco cutworm in Bt. alone, Bt. + eri, and Bt. + atlas was 31.67, > 90, and > 75% respectively. Whereas, at the 4th week, the mortality of each treatment was 46.67, > 81, and > 75% respectively. The pathogenicity results implied that the addition of eri and atlas silk moths cocoon extracts significantly improved the Bt. toxicity by 1.75 – 1.86 and 1.6 – 2.1 fold, respectively, even after four weeks of UV B exposure. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the addition of eri and atlas silk moths sericin extracts show high potential for the UV B protectants for Bt. to enhance its persistence for future formulations.

The effectiveness of Samia ricini Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) cocoon extracts as ultraviolet protectants of Bacillus thuringiensis for controlling Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The objective of this research was to evaluate artificial diets that can be used to successfully culture the atlas silk moth, Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) indoors. Four plant species were evaluated as the basic component of each diet, barringtonia (Barringtonia asiatica), cheesewood (Nauclea orientalis), soursop (Annona muricata), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). Evaluation of the nutritional value of each diet was determined by an analysis of the hemolymph proteins of sixth instars using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Survivorship, cocoon quality, and hemolymph protein content of larvae fed the barringtonia diet were higher than those of larvae fed mahogany-, cheesewood-, and soursop-based artificial diets. The average adult emergence of those fed the barringtonia-based diet was 74.5%. The weights of the cocoon in this treatment with the pupa and the empty cocoons were 7.0 and 1.1 g, respectively. Hemolymph of the larvae fed the barringtonia-based artificial diet had the highest concentration of protein with an average of 28.06 mg/ml. The atlas moth reared on the barringtonia-based artificial diet was comparable with those reared only on barringtonia leaves. However, the weight of empty cocoons, adult wingspan, and amount of hemolymph protein were lower than in those reared on barringtonia leaves only. This may suggest that the artificial barringtonia-based diet requires additional protein for maximum efficiency.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Economic-Entomology/volume-106/issue-6/EC13144/Evaluation-of-Artificial-Diets-for-Attacus-atlas-Lepidoptera--Saturniidae/10.1603/EC13144.pdf

Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

The activities of Scirpophaga incertulas adult from Klaten Regency were studied from April to November 2010. The purposes of this study were to observe the activity of moth after adult emergence, their flying activity, and eggs oviposition. Two hundred pupae were collected from the field, then incubated in the laboratory and observed every hour for 72 hours. Flying activity was observed every hour by counting the number of moths that were found in the light traps. This observation was replicated three times during the dark; from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Oviposition activity of moths was observed by infesting twenty females of insect on the rice plants planted in the polybag and covered with plastic sheet. This oviposition activity was also observed every hour during the dark; from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. in order to get the number of egg-laying moths. The results showed that the emergence of S. incertulas moth was mainly from 2:00 to 4:00 a.m., the flying activity was detected mostly from 6:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m., and the moths ovipositing activity was mainly occured from 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. In addition, we found that the intensity of light affected the number of moths coming into the light trap. The light exposed from the 23 Watt lamp (1,500 lumen) was twice more effective in attracting the moths than the 11 Watt lamp (700 lumen). Penelitian aktivitas ngengat Scirpophaga incertulas telah dilakukan di Kabupaten Klaten dari April s.d. November 2010. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang aktivitas kemunculan ngengat, aktivitas terbang dan peletakan telur. Dua ratus pupa yang diperoleh dari lapang diinkubasikan di laboratorium dan diamati sampai muncul ngengat. Jumlah ngengat yang muncul diamati setiap jam selama 72 jam. Aktivitas terbang diamati setiap jam dengan menghitung jumlah ngengat yang terperangkap pada lampu perangkap selama 12 jam dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 06.00 dengan tiga kali ulangan. Aktivitas peletakan telur diamati dengan menginfestasikan dua puluh ngengat betina pada tanaman padi di polibag yang disungkup plastik. Pengamatan aktivitas peletakan telur dilakukan setiap jam dengan mencatat jumlah ngengat yang bertelur selama 12 jam dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 06.00. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan ngengat S. incertulas paling banyak dijumpai dari pukul 02.00 s.d. 04.00, aktivitas terbang ngengat berlangsung dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 01.00 dan peletakan telur umumnya berlangsung dari pukul 19.00 s.d. 23.00. Kekuatan cahaya lampu perangkap berpengaruh terhadap kedatangan ngengat, cahaya lampu 23 watt (1.500 lumen) lebih banyak menarik kedatangan ngengat dibanding cahaya lampu 11 watt (700 lumen) dengan rasio 2:1.

https://www.journal.ugm.ac.id/jpti/article/download/9389/6964

R.C. Hidayat Soesilohadi

Papers

Identifikasi Macam Sumber Pakan Lebah Trigona sp (Hymenoptera: Apidae) di Kabupaten Gunungkidul

Repellent Activity of Piper spp. Leaves Extracts on Rice Ear Bugs (Leptocorisa oratorius Fabricius) and the Characters of Its Volatile Compounds

The effectiveness of Samia ricini Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) and Attacus atlas L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) cocoon extracts as ultraviolet protectants of Bacillus thuringiensis for controlling Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Evaluation of Artificial Diets for Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia

Aktivitas Ngengat Scirpophaga incertulas di Wilayah Kabupaten Klaten