政治自由主义 = Political liberalism

http://depts.washington.edu/sphnet/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Coovadia.pdf

The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges

Biomedical engineers have traditionally developed technologies in response to the needs of the developed world's medical community. As a result, the diagnostic systems on which they have worked have met the requirements of well-funded laboratories in highly regulated and quality-assessed environments. However, such approaches do not address the needs of the majority of the world's people afflicted with infectious diseases, who have, at best, access to poorly resourced health care facilities with almost no supporting clinical laboratory infrastructure. A major challenge for the biomedical engineering community is to develop diagnostic tests to meet the needs of these people, the majority of whom are in the developing world. We here review the context in which the diagnostics must operate, some of the appropriate diagnostic technologies already in distribution, and some emerging technologies that promise to address this challenge. However, there is much room for innovation, adaptation, and cost reduction be...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160524

Point-of-care diagnostics for global health.

http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Multidrug-resistant.pdf

Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a threat to global control of tuberculosis

Although progress has been made to reduce global incidence of drug-susceptible tuberculosis, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis during the past decade threatens to undermine these advances. However, countries are responding far too slowly. Of the estimated 440 000 cases of MDR tuberculosis that occurred in 2008, only 7% were identifi ed and reported to WHO. Of these cases, only a fi fth were treated according to WHO standards. Although treatment of MDR and XDR tuberculosis is possible with currently available diagnostic techniques and drugs, the treatment course is substantially more costly and laborious than for drug-susceptible tuberculosis, with higher rates of treatment failure and mortality. Nonetheless, a few countries provide examples of how existing technologies can be used to reverse the epidemic of MDR tuberculosis within a decade. Major improvements in laboratory capacity, infection control, performance of tuberculosis control programmes, and treatment regimens for both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant disease will be needed, together with a massive scale-up in diagnosis and treatment of MDR and XDR tuberculosis to prevent drug-resistant strains from becoming the dominant form of tuberculosis. New diagnostic tests and drugs are likely to become available during the next few years and should accelerate control of MDR and XDR tuberculosis. Equally important, especially in the highest-burden countries of India, China, and Russia, will be a commitment to tuberculosis control including improvements in national policies and health systems that remove fi nancial barriers to treatment, encourage rational drug use, and create the infrastructure necessary to manage MDR tuberculosis on a national scale.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(10)60410-2.pdf

Tuberculosis 2 Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a threat to global control of tuberculosis

In 2005 we launched the Ethical Social and Cultural (ESC) Program for the Grand Challenges in Global Health (GCGH) initiative as described in the first article in this series. To identify key ESC issues we conducted group discussions with investigators and program officers from the GCGH projects as well as interviews with developing world experts. Our approach is shown in Box 1. This compilation of views from investigators and developing world experts is the first description of ESC issues for the GCGH initiative. To our knowledge it is also the first analysis of ESC issues related to a large-scale science program in the developing world. In this article we outline the ESC issues identified by these key informants. (excerpt)

/pdf/grand-challenges-in-global-health-ethical-social-and-2vmfnzq8f6.pdf

Grand challenges in global health: ethical, social, and cultural issues based on key informant perspectives.

Trump's “global gag rule”: implications for human rights and global health

The nursing profession: production of nurses and proposed scope of practice.

CHWs and community caregivers: towards a unified model of practise.

Summary The purpose of this paper is to encourage reflection among the global health research community and the research ethics community about how a wide range of ethical, social, and cultural (ESC) influences on the conduct, success, and impact of global health research can best be addressed by consultation services in research ethics (CSRE). We draw on lessons we have learned during our experiences with the ESC Program of the Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative to propose key features of CSRE that may prove useful for those designing or implementing similar programs.

/pdf/addressing-ethical-social-and-cultural-issues-in-global-2bzuzr5o1g.pdf

Jerome Amir Singh

Papers

Grand challenges in global health: ethical, social, and cultural issues based on key informant perspectives.

Trump's “global gag rule”: implications for human rights and global health

The nursing profession: production of nurses and proposed scope of practice.

CHWs and community caregivers: towards a unified model of practise.

Addressing ethical, social, and cultural issues in global health research.