https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(13)60687-X.pdf

Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/238777/Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney.pdf

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

© 2016 Hill et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden with a high economic cost to health systems and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). All stages of CKD are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular morbidity, premature mortality, and/or decreased quality of life. CKD is usually asymptomatic until later stages and accurate prevalence data are lacking. Thus we sought to determine the prevalence of CKD globally, by stage, geographical location, gender and age. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies estimating CKD prevalence in general populations was conducted through literature searches in 8 databases. We assessed pooled data using a random effects model. Of 5,842 potential articles, 100 studies of diverse quality were included, comprising 6,908,440 patients. Global mean(95%CI) CKD prevalence of 5 stages 13.4%(11.7-15.1%), and stages 3-5 was 10.6%(9.2-12.2%). Weighting by study quality did not affect prevalence estimates. CKD prevalence by stage was Stage-1 (eGFR>90+ACR>30): 3.5% (2.8-4.2%); Stage-2 (eGFR 60-89+ACR>30): 3.9% (2.7-5.3%); Stage-3 (eGFR 30-59): 7.6% (6.4-8.9%); Stage-4 = (eGFR 29-15): 0.4% (0.3-0.5%); and Stage-5 (eGFR<15): 0.1% (0.1-0.1%). CKD has a high global prevalence with a consistent estimated global CKD prevalence of between 11 to 13% with the majority stage 3. Future research should evaluate intervention strategies deliverable at scale to delay the progression of CKD and improve CVD outcomes.

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Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)60999-1/pdf

A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60033-6.pdf

Jian-E. Zhang

Papers

Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey

Zhang L, Wang F, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey