/pdf/fire-dynamics-simulator-technical-reference-guide-volume-1-15a6kbrhbq.pdf

Fire dynamics simulator technical reference guide volume 1 :: mathematical model

A review of physics and correlations of pool fire behaviour in wind and future challenges

Flame radiation feedback to fuel surface in medium ethanol and heptane pool fires with cross air flow

A wind tunnel experimental study on burning rate enhancement behavior of gasoline pool fires by cross air flow

Pool fires – An empirical correlation

A mid-infrared spectrometer was used to measure the thermal radiation spectra within the turbulent flame brush and vapor dome of a 2 m diameter well-controlled pool fire. Fuels used include ethanol, an ethanol/toluene blend, JP-8, and heptane. These unique data provide insight into the relative contributions of soot and gas species emissions to the overall emission. They further assess the impact of absorption of thermal radiation from within the flame zone and the fuel rich region on the incident flux to the fuel pool. In addition, laboratory-scale experiments investigated the spectrally-resolved absorption of thermal radiation by the liquid fuel in the wavelength range of 1.3–4.8 μm, corresponding to the majority of the expected emitted radiation from the fire. The dominant emission in the ethanol fires was from water and carbon dioxide, the products of combustion; while, emission from soot dominated the thermal radiation spectra from the other three fuels. The overall intensity of the thermal radiation reaching the fuel surface for the three soot producing fuels was reduced due to absorption by cold water, carbon dioxide, fuel vapor (due to the C–H bond stretching), and soot. The transmission of thermal radiation through liquid fuel revealed that a significant fraction (>75% for JP-8 and >90% for ethanol) of the thermal radiation that reaches the fuel surface is absorbed within the first 3 mm. All fuels were particularly opaque in the 3.2–3.6 μm range and some fuels (heptane and JP-8) were relatively transparent at wavelengths less than 1.6 μm and from 1.85 to 2.1 μm, where a significant amount of thermal energy exists. These data sets provide a sound basis for assessing the thermal radiation incident upon the fuel surface and suggest the penetration depth of the incident flux through the liquid pool.

Characterization of thermal radiation spectra in 2m pool fires

As the capabilities of numerical simulations increase, decision makers are increasingly relying upon simulations rather than experiments to assess risks across a wide variety of accident scenarios including fires. There are still, however, many aspects of fires that are either not well understood or are difficult to treat from first principles due to the computational expense. For a simulation to be truly predictive and to provide decision makers with information which can be reliably used for risk assessment the remaining physical processes must be studied and suitable models developed for the effects of the physics. The model for the fuel evaporation rate in a liquid fuel pool fire is significant because in well-ventilated fires the evaporation rate largely controls the total heat release rate from the fire. This report describes a set of fuel regression rates experiments to provide data for the development and validation of models. The experiments were performed with fires in the fully turbulent scale range (> 1 m diameter) and with a number of hydrocarbon fuels ranging from lightly sooting to heavily sooting. The importance of spectral absorption in the liquid fuels and the vapor dome above the pool was investigated and the total heat flux to the pool surface was measured. The importance of convection within the liquid fuel was assessed by restricting large scale liquid motion in some tests. These data sets provide a sound, experimentally proven basis for assessing how much of the liquid fuel needs to be modeled to enable a predictive simulation of a fuel fire given the couplings between evaporation of fuel from the pool and the heat release from the fire which drives the evaporation.

/pdf/hydrocarbon-characterization-experiments-in-fully-turbulent-14eiwnv1j1.pdf

Hydrocarbon characterization experiments in fully turbulent fires : results and data analysis.

The increasing demand for natural gas could increase the number and frequency of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tanker deliveries to ports across the United States. Because of the increasing number of shipments and the number of possible new facilities, concerns about the potential safety of the public and property from an accidental, and even more importantly intentional spills, have increased. While improvements have been made over the past decade in assessing hazards from LNG spills, the existing experimental data is much smaller in size and scale than many postulated large accidental and intentional spills. Since the physics and hazards from a fire change with fire size, there are concerns about the adequacy of current hazard prediction techniques for large LNG spills and fires. To address these concerns, Congress funded the Department of Energy (DOE) in 2008 to conduct a series of laboratory and large-scale LNG pool fire experiments at Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This report presents the test data and results of both sets of fire experiments. A series of five reduced-scale (gas burner) tests (yielding 27 sets of data) were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Sandia's Thermal Test Complex (TTC) to assess flame heightmore » to fire diameter ratios as a function of nondimensional heat release rates for extrapolation to large-scale LNG fires. The large-scale LNG pool fire experiments were conducted in a 120 m diameter pond specially designed and constructed in Sandia's Area III large-scale test complex. Two fire tests of LNG spills of 21 and 81 m in diameter were conducted in 2009 to improve the understanding of flame height, smoke production, and burn rate and therefore the physics and hazards of large LNG spills and fires.« less

/pdf/the-phoenix-series-large-scale-lng-pool-fire-experiments-4m1yn2o0qu.pdf

Jill Marie Suo-Anttila

Papers

Characterization of thermal radiation spectra in 2m pool fires

Hydrocarbon characterization experiments in fully turbulent fires : results and data analysis.

The Phoenix series large scale LNG pool fire experiments.