Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) effects an important role in neural regeneration and function enhancement, such as expression of nerve growth factor and nerve regeneration, in neuronal tissues, and inhibition of cell death by amyloid beta in neurons is inhibited by PBMT However, there no studies evaluated the effects of PBMT on oxidative stress in the hippocampus The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of PBMT on oxidative stress in the hippocampus This study assessed the anti-oxidative effect, the expression of BDNF and antioxidant enzymes, as well as the activation of cAMP response element binding (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathways assess using a hippocampal cell line (HT-22) and mouse organotypic hippocampal tissues by PBMT (LED, 660 nm, 20 mW/cm2) PBMT inhibited HT-22 cell death by oxidative stress and increased BDNF expression via ERK and CREB signaling pathway activation In addition, PBMT increased BDNF expression in hippocampal organotypic slices and the levels of phosphorylated ERK and CREB, which were reduced by oxidative stress, as well as the expression of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase These data demonstrate that PBMT inhibits hippocampal damage induced by oxidative stress and increases the expression of BDNF, which can be used as an alternative to treat a variety of related disorders that lead to nerve damage Activation and redox homeostasis in neuronal cells may be a notable mechanism of the 660-nm PBMT-mediated photobioreactivity

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Photobiomodulation (660 nm) therapy reduces oxidative stress and induces BDNF expression in the hippocampus.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a low-power laser on the proliferation, migration, differentiation of different types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different studies. Methods: The relevant articles that were published from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the sources of PubMed, Scopus, and only the articles specifically examining the effect of a lowpower laser on the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the MSCs were investigated. Results: After reviewing the literature, only 42 articles were found relevant. Generally, most of the studies demonstrated that different laser parameters increased the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the MSCs, except the results of two studies which were contradictory. In fact, changing the parameters of a low-power laser would affect the results. On the other hand, the source of the stem cells was reported as a key factor. In addition, the combination of lasers with other therapeutic approaches was found to be more effective. Conclusion: The different parameters of lasers has been found to be effective in the proliferation, differentiation, and migration of the MSCs and in general, a low-power laser has a positive effect on the MSCs, helping to improve different disease models.

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The Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Differentiation, Proliferation, and Migration of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell: A Review

Background Stem cells have attracted the researchers interest, due to their applications in regenerative medicine. Their self-renewal capacity for multipotent differentiation, and immunomodulatory properties make them unique to significantly contribute to tissue repair and regeneration applications. Recently, stem cells have shown increased proliferation when irradiated with low-level laser therapy or Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT), which induces the activation of intracellular and extracellular chromophores and the initiation of cellular signaling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this phenomenon in the literature. Methods The literature investigated the articles written in English in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane up to April 2019. Stem cell was searched by combining the search keyword of "low-level laser therapy" OR "low power laser therapy" OR "low-intensity laser therapy" OR "photobiomodulation therapy" OR "photo biostimulation therapy" OR "LED". In total, 46 articles were eligible for evaluation. Results Studies demonstrated that red to near-infrared light is absorbed by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Mitochondria are significant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria play an important role in metabolism, energy generation, and are also involved in mediating the effects induced by PBMT. PBMT may result in the increased production of (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). These changes, in turn, initiate cell proliferation and induce the signal cascade effect. Conclusion The findings of this review suggest that PBMT-based regenerative medicine could be a useful tool for future advances in tissue engineering and cell therapy.

Biological Responses of Stem Cells to Photobiomodulation Therapy

Delayed wound healing is one of the most challenging complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) in clinical medicine, and it is related to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Photobiomodulation (PBM) can promote wound healing in many ways, so it can be used as a method for the treatment of delayed healing of DM wounds. In this study, we investigated the effect of PBM on ROS homeostasis in human embryonic skin fibroblast cells (CCC-ESFs) cultured in high glucose concentrations. The CCC-ESFs were cultured in vitro and divided into two groups, including the control group and the 635 nm laser irradiation group. After 2 days of high glucose treatment, the experimental group was irradiated with different doses of laser for 3 days. First, we measured the cellular proliferation, and the results showed that laser irradiation could promote cellular proliferation. Then, we measured the generation of ROS, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the cells; the results showed that high glucose destroyed cells by inducing high concentration of ROS, the balance of oxidation, and antioxidation cause oxidative stress damage to cells. PBM can increase the antioxidant capacity of cells, reducing the high concentration of ROS induced by high glucose. Finally, we measured the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm) and the secretion of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β); the results showed that PBM can reduce apoptosis and regulate the inflammatory state. We conclude that PBM can maintain the ROS homeostasis, increase the TAC of cells, and trigger the cellular proliferation, and the response of CCC-ESFs to PBM was dose-dependent.

Effect of photobiomodulation on CCC-ESF reactive oxygen species steady-state in high glucose mediums

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is reported to impart a range of clinical benefits, from the healing of chronic wounds to athletic performance enhancement. The increasing prevalence of this therapy conflicts with the lack of understanding concerning specific cellular mechanisms induced by PBM. Herein, we systematically explore the literature base, specifically related to PBM (within the range 600-1070 nm) and its influence on dermal fibroblasts. The existing research in this field is appraised through five areas: cellular proliferation and viability; cellular migration; ATP production and mitochondrial membrane potential; cellular protein expression and synthesis; and gene expression. This review demonstrates that when fibroblasts are irradiated in vitro within a set range of intensities, they exhibit a multitude of positive effects related to the wound healing process. However, the development of an optimal in vitro framework is paramount to improve the reliability and validity of research in this field.

The effects of photobiomodulation on human dermal fibroblasts in vitro: A systematic review.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can enhance the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation, differentiation, and tissue repair and can therefore be used in regenerative medicine The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation on the directional neural differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and provide a theoretical basis for neurogenesis hUC-MSCs were divided into control, inducer, laser, and lasers combined with inducer groups A 635-nm laser and an 808-nm laser delivering energy densities from 0 to 10 J/cm2 were used in the study Normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and injured cerebrospinal fluid (iCSF) were used as inducers The groups were continuously induced for 3 days Cellular proliferation was evaluated using MTT The marker proteins nestin (marker protein of the neural precursor cells), NeuN (marker protein of neuron), and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein, marker proteins of glial cells) were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot We found that irradiation with 635-nm laser increased cell proliferation, and that with 808 nm laser by itself and combined with cerebrospinal fluid treatment generated significant neuron-like morphological changes in the cells at 72 h Nestin showed high positive expression at 24 h in the 808 nm group The expression of GFAP increased in the 808-nm combined inducer group at 24 h but decreased at 72 h The expression of neuN protein increased only at 72 h in both the 808-nm combined inducer group and inducer group We concluded that 808 nm laser irradiation could help CSF to induce neuronal differentiation of hUC-MSCs in early stage and tend to change to neuron rather than glial cells

Effect of photobiomodulation on neural differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defence peptides, are evolutionarily ancient defensive weapons that can combat infections caused by pathogens. Fish-derived AMPs have shown microbicidal properties, host immunomodulatory responses, and are induced by a variety of factors, especially pathogenic infection and abiotic stress, which may activate downstream signalling pathways to initiate the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Large-scale genome sequencing has been applied in many aquatic animals, providing databases for the systematic identification of putative AMPs in these species. Recently, the whole genome and the proteome of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were released; by taking advantage of the antimicrobial peptide database and combining the proteome of catfish, we established a bioinformatic analysis pipeline to identify catfish AMP repertoire. This review introduces an effective method for the identification and development of putative AMPs based on protein datasets, and summarizes the structural properties, immunomodulation and molecular responses in vivo of catfish AMPs. In addition, the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of synthetic or isolated AMPs in vitro, and the applications of AMPs in fish via genetic engineering and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated proteins system (CRISPR/Cas9) were presented, which supports antimicrobial research and aquaculture therapy. The summary and comparison of these AMPs will enhance our understanding and their cross-species applications. Combined with current genetic engineering and genome editing techniques, it is possible to promote the development of immune processes to protect valuable aquatic animals from infectious diseases. 

https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1111/raq.12684

Genome‐wide identification of catfish antimicrobial peptides: A new perspective to enhance fish disease resistance

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Transgenesis of the Masu Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) elovl2 Gene Improves n-3 Fatty Acid Content in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Jinhai Wang

Papers

Effect of photobiomodulation on neural differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.

Effect of photobiomodulation on CCC-ESF reactive oxygen species steady-state in high glucose mediums

Genome‐wide identification of catfish antimicrobial peptides: A new perspective to enhance fish disease resistance

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Transgenesis of the Masu Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) elovl2 Gene Improves n-3 Fatty Acid Content in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Response of cecropin transgenesis to challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus.