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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The positive health effects of phenolic compounds (PCs) have been extensively reported in the literature. An understanding of their bioaccessibility and bioavailability is essential for the elucidation of their health benefits. Before reaching circulation and exerting bioactions in target tissues, numerous interactions take place before and during digestion with either the plant or host's macromolecules that directly impact the organism and modulate their own bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The present work is focused on the gastrointestinal (GI) interactions that are relevant to the absorption and metabolism of PCs and how these interactions impact their pharmacokinetic profiles. Non-digestible cell wall components (fiber) interact intimately with PCs and delay their absorption in the small intestine, instead carrying them to the large intestine. PCs not bound to fiber interact with digestible nutrients in the bolus where they interfere with the digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, cholesterol, bile salts and micronutrients through the inhibition of digestive enzymes and enterocyte transporters and the disruption of micelle formation. PCs internalized by enterocytes may reach circulation (through transcellular or paracellular transport), be effluxed back into the lumen (P-glycoprotein, P-gp) or be metabolized by phase I and phase II enzymes. Some PCs can inhibit P-gp or phase I/II enzymes, which can potentially lead to drug–nutrient interactions. The absorption and pharmacokinetic parameters are modified by all of the interactions within the digestive tract and by the presence of other PCs. Undesirable interactions have promoted the development of nanotechnological approaches to promote the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioefficacy of PCs.

Gastrointestinal interactions, absorption, splanchnic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of orally ingested phenolic compounds

Molecular docking is a theoretical simulation method based on bioinformatics, which studies the interaction between molecules (such as ligands and receptors), and predicts their binding modes and affinity via a computer platform. This technology acts as a promising mean in medicinal chemistry such as structure‐based rational drug design, which is accepted by researchers in the scientific community. During recent years, various fundamental studies involving biomolecular interaction in the food matrix have gradually emerged. The remarkable advantages of molecular docking such as predicting experiments are attracting increasing attention for its application potential in various fields. This review presents the theory and software development of molecular docking, and emphasises its application in the field of food science, including nutritional components and food safety. Moreover, the operational mechanisms of molecular docking are further summarised in this review.

Recent developments in molecular docking technology applied in food science: a review

Polyphenols are the general designation of various kinds of phytochemicals, mainly classified as flavonoids and nonflavonoids. Polyphenolic compounds have been confirmed to exhibit numerous bioactivities and potential health benefits both in vivo and in vitro. Dietary polyphenols have been shown to significantly alleviate several manifestations of metabolic syndrome, namely, central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and high blood sugar. This review is aimed at discussing the bioprotective effects and related molecular mechanisms of polyphenols, mainly by increasing antioxidant capacity or oxygen scavenging capacity. Polyphenols can exert their antioxidative activity by balancing the organic oxidoreductase enzyme system, regulating antioxidant responsive signaling pathways, and restoring mitochondrial function. These data are helpful for providing new insights into the potential biological effects of polyphenolic compounds and the development of future antioxidant therapeutics.

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The Bioprotective Effects of Polyphenols on Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives

Attenuation of amyloid fibrillation in presence of Warfarin: A biophysical investigation

Pancreatic lipase (PL) is a critical enzyme associated with hyperlipidemia and obesity. A previous study of ours suggested that persimmon tannin (PT) was the main component accounting for the antihyperlipidemic effects of persimmon fruits, but the underlying mechanisms were unclear. In this present study, the inhibitory effect of PT on PL was studied and the possible mechanisms were evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking. PT had a high affinity to PL and inhibited the activity of PL with the half maximal inhibitory concertation (IC50) value of 0.44 mg/mL in a noncompetitive way. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed that the hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking was mainly responsible for the interaction. The strong inhibition of PT on PL in the gastrointestinal tract might be one mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect.

Inhibitory Effect of Persimmon Tannin on Pancreatic Lipase and the Underlying Mechanism in Vitro

A-type dimeric epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a more potent inhibitor against the formation of insulin amyloid fibril than EGCG monomer.

In this study, the physicochemical stability, and the digestive enzymes inhibitory potential of anthocyanins in black peanuts skins (BPS) were evaluated. Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside (C3So) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (C3Sa) were identified as the main anthocyanins in BPS. The anthocyanins extract showed a certain level of heat resistance. During the storage period (37 °C for 4 weeks), anthocyanins were stable and with a projected half-life of 66.59 days when the pH was 2.5. These results indicated that the anthocyanin from BPS presented higher thermal stability. Moreover, Anthocyanin-rich extracts could inhibit the main digestive enzymes, with the IC50 values were 185.1 μg/ml (pancreatic lipase), 123.4 μg/ml (α-amylase), and 82.75 μg/ml (α-glucosidase), respectively. The in vitro cell study also indicated anthocyanins from back peanut skin showed a strong antiadipogenesis potential in 3T3-L1 cells by inhibiting the expression of the key adipogenic transcription factors and related genes. This research highlights the opportunity that black peanut skin could be considered as a promising resource of anthocyanins as a natural food colorant with multifunction properties.

Study of physicochemical stability of anthocyanin extracts from black peanut skin and their digestion enzyme and adipogenesis inhibitory activities.

Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, a hydrolysable tannin from Radix Paeoniae Alba, inhibits adipogenesis and TNF-α-mediated inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells.

Scope Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue leads to obesity and related chronic inflammation. This study aims to examine the effects of gallocatechin -(4→8)-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate (GC-(4→8)-GCG), a main proanthocyanidin dimer from Camellia ptilophylla (Cocoa tea), on adipocyte- and adipose-related inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Methods and results C57BL/6 mice are fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and GC-(4→8)-GCG (40 or 80 mg kg-1 d-1 ) for 8 weeks. The metabolic profiles, adipose tissue hypertrophy, macrophage infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine production are investigated. Additionally, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes are utilized to investigate the effect of GC-(4→8)-GCG on preadipocyte differentiation and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated inflammatory response in vitro. GC-(4→8)-GCG supplementation decreases HFD-induced epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) hypertrophy, suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and macrophage infiltration in eWAT, and improves insulin sensitivity in HFD-induced obese mice. In vitro, GC-(4→8)-GCG shows a strong anti-adipogenic potential in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte by inhibiting the expression of key adipogenic transcription factors and decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Conclusion GC-(4→8)-GCG can modulate obesity and improve obesity-related insulin resistance by inhibiting preadipocyte differentiation and the related proinflammatory responses.

GC‐(4→8)‐GCG, A Proanthocyanidin Dimer from Camellia ptilophylla, Modulates Obesity and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High‐Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice

Jinming Peng

Papers

Inhibitory Effect of Persimmon Tannin on Pancreatic Lipase and the Underlying Mechanism in Vitro

A-type dimeric epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a more potent inhibitor against the formation of insulin amyloid fibril than EGCG monomer.

Study of physicochemical stability of anthocyanin extracts from black peanut skin and their digestion enzyme and adipogenesis inhibitory activities.

Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, a hydrolysable tannin from Radix Paeoniae Alba, inhibits adipogenesis and TNF-α-mediated inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells.

GC‐(4→8)‐GCG, A Proanthocyanidin Dimer from Camellia ptilophylla, Modulates Obesity and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in High‐Fat Diet Induced Obese Mice