다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Biological activities and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharide from natural resources: A review

Species of green macroalgae (Chlorophyta) of the genus Ulva are edible seaweeds with a range of health promoting bioactive components. Ulva is high in dietary fibre which promotes gastrointestinal health and is linked to a reduction in the incidence of chronic diseases. The fundamental active constituent of Ulva is the soluble fibre ulvan, a gelling sulfated polysaccharide with biological activities including immunomodulating, antiviral, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and anticancer. Ulvan also has the capacity to modulate cellular signalling processes in both plant and animal systems leading to beneficial effects on productivity and health. Consequently, ulvan is of significant interest as a constituent in human health, agricultural, and biomaterial products. This comprehensive systematic review investigates and recommends acid extraction, ultrafiltration, sugar constituent and molecular weight analysis for the extraction, purification, and characterisation of ulvan, respectively. The biological activities of ulvans are then critically reviewed.

Ulvan: A systematic review of extraction, composition and function

Marine algae have attracted a great deal of interest as excellent sources of nutrients. Polysaccharides are the main components in marine algae, hence a great deal of attention has been directed at isolation and characterization of marine algae polysaccharides because of their numerous health benefits. In this review, extraction and purification approaches and chemico-physical properties of marine algae polysaccharides (MAPs) are summarized. The biological activities, which include immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic, are also discussed. Additionally, structure-function relationships are analyzed and summarized. MAPs' biological activities are closely correlated with their monosaccharide composition, molecular weights, linkage types, and chain conformation. In order to promote further exploitation and utilization of polysaccharides from marine algae for functional food and pharmaceutical areas, high efficiency, and low-cost polysaccharide extraction and purification methods, quality control, structure-function activity relationships, and specific mechanisms of MAPs activation need to be extensively investigated.

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Recent Advances in Marine Algae Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structure, and Activities.

Among the three main divisions of marine macroalgae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta), marine green algae are valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds and remain largely unexploited in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical areas. Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate novel sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from marine green algae because of their numerous health beneficial effects. Green seaweeds are known to synthesize large quantities of SPs and are well established sources of these particularly interesting molecules such as ulvans from Ulva and Enteromorpha, sulfated rhamnans from Monostroma, sulfated arabinogalactans from Codium, sulfated galacotans from Caulerpa, and some special sulfated mannans from different species. These SPs exhibit many beneficial biological activities such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidative, antitumor, immunomodulating, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Therefore, marine algae derived SPs have great potential for further development as healthy food and medical products. The present review focuses on SPs derived from marine green algae and presents an overview of the recent progress of determinations of their structural types and biological activities, especially their potential health benefits.

Overview on Biological Activities and Molecular Characteristics of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Green Algae in Recent Years

In vivo anti-radiation activities of the Ulva pertusa polysaccharides and polysaccharide–iron(III) complex

Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a multifunctional protein regulating both gene transcription and protein modifications. Recent studies reveal a proliferative role of YY1 in oncogenesis. Consistently, YY1 overexpression has been observed in various human malignancies and its levels correlate with poor prognoses of many types of cancers. In this review, we focus on the signaling pathways and regulatory proteins that YY1 modulates to promote tumor cell growth, proliferation, migration and metastasis. We also discuss the signals and molecules that regulate YY1 expression and function in cancer-related context. Based on the expression feature and regulatory activities in tumor cells, YY1 possesses a great potential as a biomarker for many cancers and can serve as a therapeutic target clinically to impede cancer development and progression or sensitize cancer cells to anticancer drugs.

The role of YY1 in oncogenesis and its potential as a drug target in cancer therapies.

// Jingxuan Wang 1, 3 , Xiao Zhang 2 , Jinming Shi 2 , Paul Cao 3 , Meimei Wan 3 , Qiang Zhang 3 , Yunxuan Wang 1 , Steven J Kridel 3 , Wennuan Liu 4 , Jianfeng Xu 3, 4 , Qingyuan Zhang 1 , Guangchao Sui 2, 3 1 Department of Medical Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin P R China 2 College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China 3 Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center 4 Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem Correspondence to: Qingyuan Zhang, email: zhma19650210@163com Guangchao Sui, email: gsui@wakehealthedu , gcsui@nefueducn Keywords: Fatty acid synthase (FASN), miR-15a and miR-16-1, 3’-UTR, breast cancer, gene expression Received: December 13, 2015      Accepted: September 26, 2016      Published: October 05, 2016 ABSTRACT Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is upregulated in breast cancer and correlates with poor prognosis FASN contributes to mammary oncogenesis and serves as a bona fide target in cancer therapies MicroRNAs inhibit gene expression through blocking mRNA translation or promoting mRNA degradation by targeting their 3’-UTRs We identified four microRNAs in two microRNA clusters miR-15a-16-1 and miR-497-195 that share a common seed sequence to target the 3′-UTR of the FASN mRNA In reporter assays, both of these microRNA clusters inhibited the expression of a reporter construct containing the FASN 3’-UTR However, only ectopic miR-15a-16-1, but not miR-497-195, markedly reduced the levels of endogenous FASN in breast cancer cells Both miR-15a and miR-16-1 contributes to inhibiting FASN expression and breast cancer cell proliferation Consistently, a sponge construct consisting of eight repeats of the FASN 3’-UTR region targeted by these microRNAs could markedly increase endogenous FASN levels in mammary cells When FASN expression was restored by ectopic expression in breast cancer cells, retarded cell proliferation caused by miR-15a-16-1 was partially rescued In conclusion, we demonstrated that FASN expression is primarily downregulated by miR-15a and miR-16-1 in mammary cells and FASN is one of the major targets of these two tumor suppressive microRNAs

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Fatty acid synthase is a primary target of MiR-15a and MiR-16-1 in breast cancer.

Ellagic acid synergistically potentiates inhibitory activities of chemotherapeutic agents to human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates both gene expression and protein modifications, and has shown a proliferative role in cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that YY1 promotes AKT phosphorylation at S473, a marker of AKT activation. YY1 expression positively correlated with AKT(S473) phosphorylation in a tissue microarray and cultured cells of breast cancer, but negatively associated with the distant metastasis-free survival of 166 breast cancer patients. YY1 promotes AKT phosphorylation at S473 through direct interaction with AKT, and the AKT-binding site is mapped to the residues G201-S226 on YY1. These residues are also involved in YY1 interaction with Mdm2, Ezh2, and E1A, and thus are designated as the oncogene protein binding (OPB) domain. YY1-promoted AKT phosphorylation relies on the OPB domain but is independent of either transcriptional activity of YY1 or the activity of phosphoinositide-3-kinases. We also determine that YY1-promoted mTORC2 access to AKT leads to its phosphorylation at S473. Importantly, a peptide based on the OPB domain blocks YY1 interaction with AKT and reduces AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that YY1 promotes mTORC2-mediated AKT activation and disrupting YY1-AKT interaction by OPB domain-based peptide may represent a potential strategy for cancer therapy.

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Jinming Shi

Papers

In vivo anti-radiation activities of the Ulva pertusa polysaccharides and polysaccharide–iron(III) complex

The role of YY1 in oncogenesis and its potential as a drug target in cancer therapies.

Fatty acid synthase is a primary target of MiR-15a and MiR-16-1 in breast cancer.

Ellagic acid synergistically potentiates inhibitory activities of chemotherapeutic agents to human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Yin Yang 1 promotes mTORC2-mediated AKT phosphorylation