Diffraction (X-ray, neutron and electron) and electron cryo-microscopy are powerful methods to determine three-dimensional macromolecular structures, which are required to understand biological processes and to develop new therapeutics against diseases. The overall structure-solution workflow is similar for these techniques, but nuances exist because the properties of the reduced experimental data are different. Software tools for structure determination should therefore be tailored for each method. Phenix is a comprehensive software package for macromolecular structure determination that handles data from any of these techniques. Tasks performed with Phenix include data-quality assessment, map improvement, model building, the validation/rebuilding/refinement cycle and deposition. Each tool caters to the type of experimental data. The design of Phenix emphasizes the automation of procedures, where possible, to minimize repetitive and time-consuming manual tasks, while default parameters are chosen to encourage best practice. A graphical user interface provides access to many command-line features of Phenix and streamlines the transition between programs, project tracking and re-running of previous tasks.

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Macromolecular structure determination using X-rays, neutrons and electrons: recent developments in Phenix

비만아 부모의 돌봄 경험: q 방법론

High-density microfluidic chips contain plumbing networks with thousands of micromechanical valves and hundreds of individually addressable chambers. These fluidic devices are analogous to electronic integrated circuits fabricated using large scale integration (LSI). A component of these networks is the fluidic multiplexor, which is a combinatorial array of binary valve patterns that exponentially increases the processing power of a network by allowing complex fluid manipulations with a minimal number of inputs. These integrated microfluidic networks can be used to construct a variety of highly complex microfluidic devices, for example the microfluidic analog of a comparator array, and a microfluidic memory storage device resembling electronic random access memories.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/298/5593/580.full.pdf

Microfluidic large scale integration

We survey progress over the past 25 years in the development of microscale devices for pumping fluids. We attempt to provide both a reference for micropump researchers and a resource for those outside the field who wish to identify the best micropump for a particular application. Reciprocating displacement micropumps have been the subject of extensive research in both academia and the private sector and have been produced with a wide range of actuators, valve configurations and materials. Aperiodic displacement micropumps based on mechanisms such as localized phase change have been shown to be suitable for specialized applications. Electroosmotic micropumps exhibit favorable scaling and are promising for a variety of applications requiring high flow rates and pressures. Dynamic micropumps based on electrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects have also been developed. Much progress has been made, but with micropumps suitable for important applications still not available, this remains a fertile area for future research.

https://microfluidics.stanford.edu/Publications/Micropumps_Cooling/Laser%20Review%20of%20Micropumps%20in%20JMM.pdf

A review of micropumps

Interpretation of X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns . By H. Lipson and H. Steeple. Pp. viii + 335 + 3 plates. (Mac-millan: London; St Martins Press: New York, May 1970.) £4.

X-Ray Diffraction

With the first X-ray free-electron laser (FEL), the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), multiphoton ionization has been pushed to a new regime, where atoms and molecules are not just ionized by a series of valence ionizations but "from the inside out". At unprecedented high intensities and short pulse durations in the soft X-ray regime, a series of inner-shell photoionizations followed by cascades of Auger decays was observed to lead to highly charged final states in rare gases such as Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe. Ion time-of-flight and fluorescence spectra were recorded for different FEL pulse energies and pulse lengths and compared to theoretical models to explain the underlying processes that lead to unexpectedly high charge states in Xe.

Multiphoton Ionization of Xenon at the LCLS Free-Electron Laser

Bauschäden in Bädern und Nassräumen

The present invention relates to an X-ray lithography mask composed of nickel or a nickel base alloy. An X-ray lithography mask comprising a frame and a membrane clamped thereon is proposed, wherein the membrane consists of nickel or a nickel base alloy and is provided at least partly with an absorber layer. The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing the X-ray lithography mask. In this case, a nickel layer or a layer composed of a nickel base alloy is applied to a substrate. Afterwards, an absorber structure is produced on the nickel layer or the layer composed of a nickel base alloy and a frame is applied by adhesive bonding at elevated temperatures. Finally, all the components are cooled and the frame with the clamped-on membrane composed of nickel or a nickel base alloy is detached from the substrate. The X-ray lithography mask is particularly suitable as a mask for the X-ray depth lithography method.

X-ray lithography mask composed of nickel or a nickel base alloy

X-ray grating interferometry is a phase-contrast imaging technique that provides high contrast, local electron densities, and can be translated to laboratory and medical settings. This phase contrast modality is particularly suited for the visualization of physically soft tissues and specimens that contain both soft and hard tissue components with micro computed tomography (μCT) [1]. The integration of an X-ray double grating interferometer (XDGI) into a commercially available μCT system could provide access to this technique to a greater audience. However, commercial systems present many obstacles to such modifications, particularly due to their compact nature with respect to custom systems. In this work, we discuss the design of the XDGI setup in a commercial μCT system and demonstrate its operation [2].

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Double Grating Interferometry in a Commercial Micro Computed Tomography System for Biomedical Imaging

Gitter zur Analyse des Interferenzbildes in Interferometern fur die Rontgentomographie mittels Phasenkontrastmethoden umfassend einen Trager und Gitterstege aus mindestens zwei verschiedene Materialien, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und deren Verwendung.

Joachim Schulz

Papers

Multiphoton Ionization of Xenon at the LCLS Free-Electron Laser

Bauschäden in Bädern und Nassräumen

X-ray lithography mask composed of nickel or a nickel base alloy

Double Grating Interferometry in a Commercial Micro Computed Tomography System for Biomedical Imaging

Gitter aus mindestens zwei materialien für die röntgenbildgebung