Epidemiology and surveillance of colorectal polyps.

In 2001, Brazil launched the National Program for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). After 15 years, After 15 years, it can be checked that there was mistakes and successes in driving the program, but it is undeniable that in this period, a series of structuring actions was initiated. In addition, a large volume of high-quality epidemiological data were produced, which will allow the country to move forward more rationally and safely in combating these two diseases. Today, Brazil have a sufficient contingent of veterinarians to develop the accreditation of farms and vaccination against brucellosis in all States; all batches of vaccines against brucellosis produced by private laboratories are controlled by an official laboratory; the brucellosis vaccination program is well established in most States and it has produced a decrease in prevalence in Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondonia and Minas Gerais; there are two ongoing eradication experiences: of brucellosis in Santa Catarina and of tuberculosis in Mato Grosso; nowadays there is a culture to combat brucellosis and tuberculosis in the Brazilian Official Veterinary Services. The epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis is well known in the major part of the country. However, progress has been limited by the difficulty in engaging the beef and dairy productive chains as true partners in the process.

Analysis of 15 years of the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis, Brazil Avaliação de 15 anos do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação da Brucelose e Tuberculose, Brasil

. Kanashiro M.Y., Filho A. & Tirado R.M. [Epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in Settlement Nossa Senhora Aparecida at the Municipality of Mariluz in the State of Parana, Brazil.] Situacao epidemiologica da brucelose bovina no Assentamento Nossa Senhora Aparecida no municipio de Mariluz, Parana, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 36(4):396- 400, 2014. Departamento de Fiscalizacao e Defesa Agropecuaria, Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado do Parana, Rua dos Funcionarios, 1559, Terreo, Cabral, Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brasil. E-mail: marcoskanashiro@ adapar.pr.gov.br We conducted a study using data from fieldwork conducted by autonomous veterinarians to characterize the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in Nossa Senhora Aparecida Settlement, Municipality of Mariluz, State of Parana. Autonomous Veterinarians enabled by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply for tests for brucellosis and tuberculosis were hired by milk producers of the Settlement in order to fulfill a requirement of dairy as a criterion to continue marketing the milk they produce. The requirement was to carry out the examination of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle all for the purpose of reproduction present on the property. Were sampled properties of milk and, thus, were examined all the cows over 24 months and bulls for the purpose of reproduction, from which was obtained a blood sample from each animal. In total, 1264 animals were sampled, from 141 properties. Among the properties sampled, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to check the type of farming and the husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection and, moreover, was conducted georeferencing of properties sampled and sanitary orientation in relation to brucellosis. The flock was considered positive if at least one animal was positive on two serological tests (Tube agglutination - TAT and 2-mercaptoethanol - 2-Me). In a simple analysis it was found that the prevalence of outbreaks and infected animals were, respectively, 16.31% and 2.6%. Among the producers questioned, 90% said they buy animals for reproduction, and among them, 57% do not conduct examinations of brucellosis in animals purchased. 18% rent pasture.

/pdf/situacao-epidemiologica-da-brucelose-bovina-no-assentamento-ai4jxvgmqi.pdf

Situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina no Assentamento Nossa Senhora Aparecida no município de Mariluz no estado do Paraná, Brasil

A brucelose e uma enfermidade infecto-contagiosa e zoonotica, causada por bacterias do genero Brucella. Trata-se de uma doenca endemica no Brasil, com prevalencia variavel e que acomete principalmente o trato reprodutivo dos animais, resultando em diversos prejuizos no campo, industria e saude publica. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de determinar a prevalencia da brucelose em femeas bovinas adultas na Regional Rio das Antas / Goias, sua distribuicao espacial e os fatores associados a esta enfermidade. Foram amostradas 95 propriedades rurais sorteadas aleatoriamente para colheita de amostras de sangue em femeas bovinas com idade acima de 24 meses, gerando um total de 992 amostras. Os soros colhidos foram submetidos ao teste do Antigeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e para os casos positivos, ao 2-Mercaptoetanol (2-ME), realizados em serie. Foi aplicado um questionario epidemiologico para avaliacao dos fatores de risco para brucelose em cada propriedade. Foi verificada uma prevalencia aparente de 13,68% [7,49 – 22,26] para propriedades e 2,11% [1,32 – 3,22] para animais. O modelo logistico multiplo para os fatores de risco da brucelose em femeas bovinas, detectou efeito significativo somente para a variavel vacina B19 (OR = 2,85; IC [1,05 – 7,04]). Por tais resultados, pode-se afirmar que a brucelose bovina em rebanhos e animais e considerada alta na regiao avaliada, com ampla distribuicao espacial, dispersa em todo o territorio estudado e em todos os sistemas de producao. Dentre os fatores associados ao risco de brucelose em femeas bovinas adultas, a vacinacao mostra-se associada.

/pdf/estudo-epidemiologico-da-brucelose-em-femeas-bovinas-adultas-28z6f9df4z.pdf

Estudo epidemiológico da brucelose em fêmeas bovinas adultas da regional Rio das Antas, Goiás

A cross- sectional study was carried out, between May and November 2011, to estimate the situation of the bovine brucellosis in Sao Paulo State, 10 years after the commencement of the vaccination of the heifers with the S19 strain. The State was divided into seven regions and in each of them, 300 farms with reproductive activity were randomly chosen and considered as primary sample units. A fixed number of cows was randomly selected and tested for antibodies against Brucella spp. A farm was considered infected if at least one female tested positive. In the selected farms, an epidemiological questionnaire was administered which focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The prevalence (percentile, [95% confidence interval]) of infected herds was 10.2% [8.8-11.8] for the State, and for the regions, it varied from 7.3% [4.7-11.2] to 12.3% [8.8-16.8], not showing significant difference between different regions. The apparent prevalence of positive farms in the State and regions remained similar to the prevalence observed 10 years before. The prevalence of positive animals was 2.4% [1.8-3.1] in the State and varied from 1.1% [0.6-2] to 3.5% [1.7-7.1] in the regions, not showing significant difference between regions. Again, there was no difference in the prevalence of positive animals after 10 years of the vaccination program. The risk factors (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) associated with bovine brucellosis in the State included number of cows ≥ 24 (3.08, 2.22-4.27) and the acquisition of breeding animals (1.33, 0.95-1.87). The Sao Paulo State should conduct systematic vaccination coverage of above 80% of the eligible heifers with the S19 strain vaccine annually. Moreover, the State should emphatically use RB51 strain vaccine in females above 8 months of age not vaccinated with S19 strain vaccine. An efficient animal health education program to orientate farmers to test replacement animals for brucellosis prior to introduction in their herds should also be implemented.

Controlling bovine brucellosis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: results after ten years of a vaccination program Controle da brucelose bovina no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: resultados após dez anos do programa de vacinação

The study was conducted to verify the efficacy of the bovine brucellosis vaccination program implemented by the state of Mato Grosso, using prevalence as an indicator. The state was divided into four regions: Pantanal, Milk, Fattening, and Breeding. For each region, a predetermined number of properties were selected and blood samples were taken from randomly chosen female animals, aged 24 months or greater. Sera from the animals were initially screened with a buffered acidified plate antigen, and confirmed using complement fixation. In each property, a questionnaire was used in order to identify the risk factors associated with the disease. In the state, the prevalence rate of infected herds was 24.0% [21.3; 26.8] and the prevalence rate of infected animals was 5.1% [3.5; 7.2]. The prevalence rates of infected herds and animals in each region were as follows: 21.2% and 6.4% in the Pantanal region, 17.2% and 3.7% in the Milk region, 34.0% and 7.2% in the Fattening region, and 24.3% and 4.4% in the Breeding region. Bovine brucellosis in the state is associated with the introduction of breeding, herd size, pasture sharing, and farms used for mixed and beef purposes. Therefore, in order to improve control of bovine brucellosis, it is proposed that the state of Mato Grosso intensify its prophylactic program, primarily its vaccination strategy. There has been a reduction in the prevalence of infected herds since 2002; however, there remains a high prevalence of infected herds and animals throughout the state. Additionally, the use of non-inducing antibodies vaccine should be encouraged, especially in the Pantanal region where the management of the animals is complicated by the flood and ebb cycle. The state should make greater efforts to educate producers on how to assess the breeding animals for brucellosis before introducing them into their properties as well as avoid shared grazing among herds of unknown health conditions.

Jociane Cristina Quixabeira-Santos

Papers

Effect of vaccination in lowering the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil