So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

The cultural origins of human cognition

In this provocative book, Barwise and Perry tackle the slippery subject of \"meaning, \" a subject that has long vexed linguists, language philosophers, and logicians.

/pdf/situations-and-attitudes-57f065zg2d.pdf

Situations and Attitudes.

저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution

This article examines individual and group manual lateralization in nonhuman primates as a function of task's demands. It is suggested to distinguish low- from high-level manual activities with respect to the novelty variable and to the spatiotemporal scale of the movements. This review shows that low-level tasks lead to (a) symmetrical distributions of hand biases for the group and (b) manual preferences that are not indicative of the specialization of the contralateral hemisphere. In contrast, behaviors expressed in high-level tasks (a) show asymmetrical distribution of hand biases for the group and (b) seem to be related to a specialization of the contralateral hemisphere. Two types of lateralization, handedness and manual specialization, correspond to the 2 levels of tasks that are distinguished.

/pdf/manual-laterality-in-nonhuman-primates-a-distinction-between-2gdjto9yhv.pdf

Manual laterality in nonhuman primates : a distinction between handedness and manual specialization

In the late 1970s, Navon (1977) reported evidence supporting the hypothesis that perception proceeds from the global aspect of visual objects to the analysis of more local details. This hypothesis, referred to as the global precedence hypothesis, rests on two observations made when subjects were processing hierarchically structured stimuli, such as a large letter composed of smaller letters. The first, called global advantage, is that the discrimination time for global stimulus feature is faster than for local ones. The second, called global-to-local interference, is that it is difficult or even impossible to ignore the global aspect of a stimulus when processing its local aspects, whereas the local attributes do not interfere in the processing of the global aspect (Navon, 1977). The global precedence effect has been replicated in several studies (e.g., Boer & Keuss, 1982; Kimchi, 1988; Navon, 1981; Navon & Norman, 1983; Paquet & Merikle, 1984, 1988; Peressotti, Rumiati, Nicoletti, & Job, 1991; Pomerantz, Sager, & Stoever, 1977). A question remains, however: Is global precedence mediated by purely sensoryperceptual or by postperceptual mechanisms? According to Navon (1991), the priority given to the global information is involuntary, and the source of global advantage must be perceptual if not sensory. In this respect, global precedence was shown to be affected by some properties of the sensory input, such as the visual angle of the stimulus (Lamb & Robertson, 1988), its retinal location (Grice, Canham, & Boroughs, 1983; Pomerantz, 1983), the

Processing of global and local visual information and hemispheric specialization in humans (Homo sapiens) and baboons (Papio papio).

One could hypothesize from previous studies that gorillas, as a group, might show a right-hand preference, making this species an exception among nonhuman primates. A study of 10 captive gorillas obse

Handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla

Skilled readers use information about which letters are where in a word (orthographic information) in order to access the sounds and meanings of printed words. We asked whether efficient processing of orthographic information could be achieved in the absence of prior language knowledge. To do so, we trained baboons to discriminate English words from nonsense combinations of letters that resembled real words. The results revealed that the baboons were using orthographic information in order to efficiently discriminate words from letter strings that were not words. Our results demonstrate that basic orthographic processing skills can be acquired in the absence of preexisting linguistic representations.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/336/6078/245.full.pdf

Orthographic Processing in Baboons (Papio papio)

Fagot and Paleressompoulle (2009) published an automated learning device for monkeys (ALDM) to test the cognitive functions of nonhuman primates within their social groups, but the efficiency of the ALDM procedure with large groups remains unknown. In the present study, 10 ALDM systems were provided ad lib to a troop of 26 semi-free-ranging baboons that were initially naive with computerized testing. The test program taught baboons to solve two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) and matching-to-sample (MTS) tasks. A million trials were recorded for the group during a period of 85 days (Experiment 1). Their analysis shows that 75% of the baboons participated at high frequencies and quickly learned the 2AFC and MTS tasks. In Experiment 2, we compared the baboons’ behavior when the ADLM systems were either accessible or closed. ALDM reduced frequencies of object-directed behaviors, but had no overt consequence on social conflicts. In Experiment 3, we tested the process of the global or local attributes of visual stimuli in MTS-trained baboons in order to illustrate the efficiency of ALDM for behavioral studies requiring complex experimental designs. Altogether, the results of the present study validate the use of ALDM to efficiently test monkeys in large social groups. ALDM has a strong potential for a variety of scientific disciplines, including for biomedical research. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.

/pdf/automated-testing-of-cognitive-performance-in-monkeys-use-of-223rb5h8la.pdf

Automated testing of cognitive performance in monkeys: use of a battery of computerized test systems by a troop of semi-free-ranging baboons (Papio papio).

Joël Fagot

Papers

Manual laterality in nonhuman primates : a distinction between handedness and manual specialization

Processing of global and local visual information and hemispheric specialization in humans (Homo sapiens) and baboons (Papio papio).

Handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla

Orthographic Processing in Baboons (Papio papio)

Automated testing of cognitive performance in monkeys: use of a battery of computerized test systems by a troop of semi-free-ranging baboons (Papio papio).