Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

/pdf/scaling-up-mimo-opportunities-and-challenges-with-very-large-puqp9v7gzk.pdf

Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Information Theory and Reliable Communication

The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

The presence of both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) constitutes a major impediment to reliable communications in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels. In this paper, an iterative receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally coded asynchronous multipath DS-CDMA system. The receiver performs two successive soft-output decisions, achieved by a soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector and a bank of single-user SISO channel decoders, through an iterative process. At each iteration, extrinsic information is extracted from detection and decoding stages and is then used as a priori information in the next iteration, just as in turbo decoding. Given the multipath CDMA channel model, a direct implementation of a sliding-window SISO multiuser detector has a prohibitive computational complexity. A low-complexity SISO multiuser detector is developed based on a novel nonlinear interference suppression technique, which makes use of both soft interference cancellation and instantaneous linear minimum mean-square error filtering. The properties of such a nonlinear interference suppressor are examined, and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity iterative receiver structure for interference suppression and decoding offers significant performance gain over the traditional noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached.

/pdf/iterative-turbo-soft-interference-cancellation-and-decoding-4ha12irymu.pdf

Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA

In classic trellis-coded modulation (TCM) signal constellations of twice the cardinality are applied when compared to an uncoded transmission enabling transmission of one bit of redundancy per PAM-symbol, i.e., rates of $\frac{K}{K+1}$ when $2^{K+1}$ denotes the cardinality of the signal constellation. In order to support different rates, multi-dimensional (i.e., $\mathcal{D}$-dimensional) constellations had been proposed by means of combining subsequent one- or two-dimensional modulation steps, resulting in TCM-schemes with $\frac{1}{\mathcal{D}}$ bit redundancy per real dimension. In contrast, in this paper we propose to perform rate adjustment for TCM by means of puncturing the convolutional code (CC) on which a TCM-scheme is based on. It is shown, that due to the nontrivial mapping of the output symbols of the CC to signal points in the case of puncturing, a modification of the corresponding Viterbi-decoder algorithm and an optimization of the CC and the puncturing scheme are necessary.

Punctured Trellis-Coded Modulation

Während der ersten 25 Jahre nach der Begründung der Informationstheorie durch C.E. Shannon vor jetzt genau 50 Jahren konzentrierte sich die Entwicklung der Kanalcodierung nahezu ausschlieÿlich auf die binäre digitale Übertragung, also z.B. binäre Amplituden bzw. Phasenmodulation (BPSK), quaternäre Phasenmodulation mit unabhängiger binärer Übertragung in beiden Quadraturkomponenten (QPSK mit Gray Zuordnung bzw. 4 QAM). Man stellte jedoch bald fest, daÿ eine direkte Anwendung von binären Codes zur Vorwärtsfehlerkorrektur (Forward Error Correction: FEC) gemäÿ Bild 1 auf höherstu ge Übertragungsverfahren, die eine höhere Bandbreitene zienz (Informations uÿ bit s je Hz Signalbandbreite) bieten, wenig e zient ist. Dieser E ekt wird anhand eines Vergleichs von Übertragungsverfahren im Leistungs Bandbreiten Diagramm (LBD) für den Kanal mit Störung durch weiÿes Gauÿ'sches Rauschen (AWGN Kanalmodell) deutlich, das in Bild 2 dargestellt ist. Hierbei wird die Leistungse zienz durch den Störabstand, gemessen in äquivalenter Energie Eb je Informationsbit bezogen auf die einseitige Rauschleistungsdichte N0, repräsentiert, der notwendig ist, um eine hinreichende Zuverlässigkeit der digitalen Übertragung zu erreichen (hier Bitfehlerrate BER 10 ). Die gestrichelten Kurven gelten für binäre, primitive BCH Codes (siehe z.B. [12]) mit Blocklänge 31 bzw. 255. Mit zunehmender Korrekturfähigkeit wird zwar der erforderliche Störabstand geringer, zugleich fällt jedoch die Bandbreitene zienz infolge der Übertragung von mehr Kontrollsymbolen (sinkende Coderate). Bei gleicher Bandbreitene zienz sind nur rel. geringe Gewinne (ca. 2 dB) mit langen Codes im Vergleich zu uncodierter Übertragung zu erzielen, während sich kurze Codes im Bereich gröÿerer Bandbreitene zienz ( 2) als völlig nutzlos erweisen. Aus diesem Grund hat im Jahr 1974 J.L. Massey vorgeschlagen [13], Kanalcodierung und Modulation als Einheit zu betrachten und gemeinsam zu optimieren, und damit die sog. codierte Modulation begründet. In den Jahren 1976/77 haben Ungerböck [16, 15] und Imai [10] unabhängig voneinander leistungsfähige Verfahren zur codierte Modulation vorgestellt. In beiden Ansätzen wird anstelle der Hammingdistanz die minimale Euklidische Distanz der Signalpunkte im Signalraum maximiert. Bandbreitene ziente digitale Übertragungsverfahren beruhen für 3 Hz verzugsweise auf digitaler Pulsamplituden Modulation (PAM) mit einer Basissignalkonstellationen A IR in D Dimensionen (D = 1: ASK; D = 2: PSK, QAM) und M := 2` Signalpunkten. Zentral ist das Konzept der Zuordnung von binären Adressvektoren xm = (x0m; x 1 m; : : : ; x ` 1 m ), xm 2 f0; 1g zu den 2 ` Signalpunkten am, m = 1; 2; : : : ;M , der Signalkonstellation A. Vorzugsweise wird diese durch fortgesetzte Partitionierung der Signalmenge festgelegt. Die am häu gsten verwendete Zuordnungsmethode maximiert die minimale Euklidische Distanz innerhalb der Teil-

Codierte Modulation mittels Multilevel-Codes: Entwicklung und aktueller Stand der Forschung

We investigate the stopping redundancy hierarchy of linear block codes and its connection to permutation decoding techniques. An element in the ordered list of stopping redundancy values represents the smallest number of possibly linearly dependent rows in any parity-check matrix of a code that avoids stopping sets of up to a given size. Redundant parity-check equations can be shown to have a similar effect on decoding performance as permuting the coordinates of the received codeword according to a selected set of automorphisms of the code. Based on this finding we develop new decoding strategies for data transmission over the binary erasure channel that combine iterative message passing and permutation decoding in order to avoid errors confined to stopping sets. We also introduce the notion of s-SAD sets, containing the smallest number of automorphisms of a code with the property that they move any set of not more than s erasures into positions that do not correspond to stopping sets within a judiciously chosen parity-check matrix.

Permutation Decoding and the Stopping Redundancy Hierarchy of Linear Block Codes

The simulation of powerline communication (PLC) networks with larger numbers of nodes and with different channel conditions is essential for the development of the respective protocols, especially regarding medium access and network layer strategies. However, creating realistic models for network simulations is a complex process and demands high resources. Therefore, emulation and testbeds have been a necessary addition for testing and verification. In this paper, we propose a solution that brings both approaches closer together. Via the direct code execution (DCE) framework of the network simulator 3 (ns-3) project, we show how the machine code from real devices can be run within the network simulator, thus making it unnecessary to model the PLC protocol in another instance, namely the simulator. We will show results for the DLC®-3000 Single Frequency Network (SFN) PLC protocol and a proof of concept, that the same code performs on real PLC devices as well as within the simulator.

Network simulation for powerline protocols with direct code execution applied to DLC®-3000 SFN

We analyze the performance of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) for MIMO systems employing Phase Shift Keying on the Hypersphere (PSKH), an extension of conventional PSK to higher dimensions. Because the quality of BICM relies on the bit-mapping between coded bits and signal points, PSKH constellations with superior distance properties and capacities might have poor power efficiency. In this paper, we analyze these losses in power efficiency and propose a new method to generate PSKH constellations, i.e., spherical codes, together with a BICM optimized bit-mapping. It turns out that for one bit per real dimension, individual QPSK per antenna is optimal, whereas for other constellation sizes notable gains can be achieved.

Johannes B. Huber

Papers

Punctured Trellis-Coded Modulation

Codierte Modulation mittels Multilevel-Codes: Entwicklung und aktueller Stand der Forschung

Permutation Decoding and the Stopping Redundancy Hierarchy of Linear Block Codes

Network simulation for powerline protocols with direct code execution applied to DLC®-3000 SFN

Bit-interleaved coded modulation for phase shift keying on the hypersphere