Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

/pdf/scaling-up-mimo-opportunities-and-challenges-with-very-large-puqp9v7gzk.pdf

Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Information Theory and Reliable Communication

The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

The presence of both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) constitutes a major impediment to reliable communications in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels. In this paper, an iterative receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally coded asynchronous multipath DS-CDMA system. The receiver performs two successive soft-output decisions, achieved by a soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector and a bank of single-user SISO channel decoders, through an iterative process. At each iteration, extrinsic information is extracted from detection and decoding stages and is then used as a priori information in the next iteration, just as in turbo decoding. Given the multipath CDMA channel model, a direct implementation of a sliding-window SISO multiuser detector has a prohibitive computational complexity. A low-complexity SISO multiuser detector is developed based on a novel nonlinear interference suppression technique, which makes use of both soft interference cancellation and instantaneous linear minimum mean-square error filtering. The properties of such a nonlinear interference suppressor are examined, and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity iterative receiver structure for interference suppression and decoding offers significant performance gain over the traditional noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached.

/pdf/iterative-turbo-soft-interference-cancellation-and-decoding-4ha12irymu.pdf

Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA

In this paper we propose a matched decoding scheme for convolutionally encoded transmission over intersymbol interference (ISI) channels and devise a nonlinear trellis description. As an application we show that for coded continuous phase modulation (CPM) using a non–coherent receiver the number of states of the super trellis can be significantly reduced by means of a matched non–linear trellis encoder.

Nonlinear Trellis Description for Convolutionally Encoded Transmission Over ISI-channels with Applications for CPM

Short algebraic codes promise low-delay data transmission and good performance results when transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and decoded by maximum-likelihood (ML) soft-decision decoding. One reason for this is the large minimum distance of these codes. For belief-propagation (BP) decoding, short algebraic codes show suboptimal results due to their high-density parity-check matrices. Using a collection of parity-check matrices for a given code, MultipleBases Belief-Propagation (MBBP) allows for decoding of many dense linear block codes with near ML performance. One convenient way to generate these matrices is using the automorphism group of a code. We point out limits of this approach and show two novel improvements, a decoder modification and a construction algorithm for parity-check matrices, which emphasize that MBBP is a more general approach and independent of the automorphism group. We use these methods to extend the field of application for MBBP to codes of moderate length. This includes codes with parity-check matrices tailored for BP decoding, in particular Progressive Edge-Growth (PEG) codes.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5755489/5755490/05755491.pdf

Multiple-Bases Belief-Propagation with Leaking for Decoding of Moderate-Length Block Codes

We investigate the stopping redundancy hierarchy of linear block codes and its connection to permutation decoding techniques. An element in the ordered list of stopping redundancy values represents the smallest number of possibly linearly dependent rows in any parity-check matrix of a code that avoids stopping sets of a given size. Redundant parity-check equations can be shown to have a similar effect on decoding performance as permuting the coordinates of the received codeword according to a selected set of automorphisms of the code. Based on this finding we develop new decoding strategies for data transmission over the binary erasure channel that combine iterative message passing and permutation decoding in order to avoid errors confined to stopping sets. We also introduce the notion of s-SAD sets, containing the smallest number of automorphisms of a code with the property that they move any set of not more than s erasures into positions that do not correspond to stopping sets within a judiciously chosen parity-check matrix.

Permutation Decoding and the Stopping Redundancy Hierarchy of Linear Block Codes

A differential precoding scheme for random linear network coding is proposed and assessed. We derive the sets of parameters for which the use of higher rates and smaller packet lengths is possible when compared to the standard approach using a lifting construction. It is demonstrated how rank-metric codes may be used for this differential coding approach in order to improve performance and to deal with packet errors.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6468888/6468889/06469329.pdf

A Differential Encoding Approach to Random Linear Network Coding

In order to cope with the problems of multipath propagation in communication systems, OFDM is currently the most popular choice amongst digital modulation schemes. The main drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which PAPR necessitates a highly linear high power amplifier (HPA) in Class-A mode to avoid out-of-band radiation. This kind of amplifiers usually suffers from a bad power efficiency. A recent approach is to deploy different amplifier architectures with potentially higher power efficiencies, such as polar amplifiers. These kinds of amplifiers necessitate signals with low peak-to-minimum power ratio (PMR). In this paper, the PMR of the continuous time transmit signal is analyzed and reduced via Selected Mapping (SLM). To achieve this reduction in the domain of digital signal processing an approximation method for the PMR is derived.

Johannes B. Huber

Papers

Nonlinear Trellis Description for Convolutionally Encoded Transmission Over ISI-channels with Applications for CPM

Multiple-Bases Belief-Propagation with Leaking for Decoding of Moderate-Length Block Codes

Permutation Decoding and the Stopping Redundancy Hierarchy of Linear Block Codes

A Differential Encoding Approach to Random Linear Network Coding

PMR-reduction for continuous time OFDM transmit signals by selected mapping