Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

/pdf/scaling-up-mimo-opportunities-and-challenges-with-very-large-puqp9v7gzk.pdf

Scaling Up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with Very Large Arrays

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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Information Theory and Reliable Communication

The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

The presence of both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) constitutes a major impediment to reliable communications in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels. In this paper, an iterative receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally coded asynchronous multipath DS-CDMA system. The receiver performs two successive soft-output decisions, achieved by a soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector and a bank of single-user SISO channel decoders, through an iterative process. At each iteration, extrinsic information is extracted from detection and decoding stages and is then used as a priori information in the next iteration, just as in turbo decoding. Given the multipath CDMA channel model, a direct implementation of a sliding-window SISO multiuser detector has a prohibitive computational complexity. A low-complexity SISO multiuser detector is developed based on a novel nonlinear interference suppression technique, which makes use of both soft interference cancellation and instantaneous linear minimum mean-square error filtering. The properties of such a nonlinear interference suppressor are examined, and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity iterative receiver structure for interference suppression and decoding offers significant performance gain over the traditional noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached.

/pdf/iterative-turbo-soft-interference-cancellation-and-decoding-4ha12irymu.pdf

Iterative (turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded CDMA

Recent literature presents methods for the analysis of concatenated coding schemes by solely characterizing the behavior of the component codes [4, 12, 14, 9, 7]. Component codes are analyzed either analytically using unique properties of special component codes, e.g., single–parity–check code or accumulator, or via simulations. The goals of this paper are to find fundamental insights into concatenated codes by analyzing the input–output relation of their components from an information– theoretic point of view. We derive a Information Processing Characteristic (IPC), which completely characterizes the behavior of a coding scheme comprising encoder, code and decoder for the general class of linear codes. For time invariant convolutional codes it is studied how the IPC can be obtained in practice.

Information processing in soft-output decoding

Recent literature presents methods for the analysis of concatenated coding schemes by solely characterizing the behavior of the component codes [4], [12], [16], [9], [7]. Component codes are analyzed either analytically using unique properties of special component codes, e.g., single-parity-check code or accumulator, or via simulations. The goals of this paper are to find fundamental insights into concatenated codes by analyzing the input-output relation of their components from an information-theoretic point of view. We derive the Information Processing Characteristic (IPC), which completely characterizes the behavior of a coding scheme comprising encoder, code and decoder for the general class of linear codes. For time invariant convolutional codes it is studied how the IPC can be obtained in practice. (Less)

Soft-output-decoding: Some aspects from information theory

In this paper, we propose a novel transmit signal structure for OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing). Instead of the conventional cyclic prefix (CP), we use a deterministic sequence, which we call unique word (UW), as guard interval. We show how unique words, which are already well investigated for single carrier systems with frequency domain equalization (SC/FDE), can also be introduced in OFDM symbols. Since unique words represent known sequences, they can advantageously be used for synchronization and channel estimation purposes. Furthermore, the proposed approach introduces a complex number Reed-Solomon (RS-) code structure within the sequence of subcarriers. This either allows for algebraic RS decoding or for applying a highly efficient Wiener smoother succeeding a zero forcing stage at the receiver to further improve the bit error ratio behavior of the system. These beneficial properties are achieved while additionally featuring around the same bandwidth efficiency as conventional CP-OFDM. We present simulation results in an indoor multipath environment to highlight the advantageous properties of the proposed scheme.

Coded OFDM by unique word prefix

Dynamic decode-and-forward (DDF) is a version of decode-and-forward relaying in which the duration of the listening phase at relays is not fixed. In this paper, we investigate half-duplex DDF relaying based on rateless codes. The use of rateless codes allows relays to autonomously switch from listening to the source node to transmitting to the destination node. We first revisit different signal combining strategies applied at the destination node, namely energy and information combining known from literature, and propose a new combining method which we refer to as mixed combining. The different combining methods give rise to different achievable rates, i.e., constrained channel capacities, for which we provide analytical expressions. The capacity analysis reveals the conditions under which mixed combining is superior and how it can be optimized. We then consider Raptor codes as a specific implementation of rateless codes and develop a density-evolution approximation to predict the data-rate performance of these codes in DDF relaying. Furthermore, we devise an optimization of the output symbol degree distribution of Raptor codes that is mainly used to benchmark the performance of Raptor codes with a fixed degree distribution. Numerical results for exemplary three-node and four-node relay networks show that the proposed mixed combining provides significant gains in achievable data rate and that Raptor codes with a fixed degree distribution are able to realize these gains and to approach closely the constrained-capacity limits.

/pdf/dynamic-decode-and-forward-relaying-using-raptor-codes-q1cwv2xkyf.pdf

Dynamic Decode-and-Forward Relaying using Raptor Codes

Important issues for coded modulation in practice are derived from information theoretic parameters. Optimality of multilevel coding as well as various rules to assign rates to the individual component codes are discussed. Moreover, suitable dimensionality of the signal constellation used for coding is considered. All phenomena predicted from information theory are confirmed by simulation results. Finally, optimum combination of coding and signal shaping is derived. Noticeable shaping gains are only achievable if presented rules are taken into account.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/4477/12707/00586754.pdf

Johannes B. Huber

Papers

Information processing in soft-output decoding

Soft-output-decoding: Some aspects from information theory

Coded OFDM by unique word prefix

Dynamic Decode-and-Forward Relaying using Raptor Codes

Multilevel coding: aspects from information theory