1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

Research on men's help seeking yields strategies for enhancing men's use of mental and physical health resources. Analysis of the assumptions underlying existing theory and research also provides a context for evaluating the psychology of men and masculinity as an evolving area of social scientific inquiry. The authors identify several theoretical and methodological obstacles that limit understanding of the variable ways that men do or do not seek help from mental and physical health care professionals. A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts. This approach begins to integrate the psychology of men and masculinity with theory and methodology from other disciplines and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking.

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Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking.

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~daneis/symposium/2012/readings/Hunt_Eisenberg2010.pdf

Mental Health Problems and Help-Seeking Behavior Among College Students

Context Although young adulthood is often characterized by rapid intellectual and social development, college-aged individuals are also commonly exposed to circumstances that place them at risk for psychiatric disorders. Objectives To assess the 12-month prevalence of psychiatric disorders, sociodemographic correlates, and rates of treatment among individuals attending college and their non–college-attending peers in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43 093). Analyses were done for the subsample of college-aged individuals, defined as those aged 19 to 25 years who were both attending (n = 2188) and not attending (n = 2904) college in the previous year. Main Outcome Measures Sociodemographic correlates and prevalence of 12-month DSM-IV psychiatric disorders, substance use, and treatment seeking among college-attending individuals and their non–college-attending peers. Results Almost half of college-aged individuals had a psychiatric disorder in the past year. The overall rate of psychiatric disorders was not different between college-attending individuals and their non–college-attending peers. The unadjusted risk of alcohol use disorders was significantly greater for college students than for their non–college-attending peers (odds ratio = 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.50), although not after adjusting for background sociodemographic characteristics (adjusted odds ratio = 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.44). College students were significantly less likely (unadjusted and adjusted) to have a diagnosis of drug use disorder or nicotine dependence or to have used tobacco than their non–college-attending peers. Bipolar disorder was less common in individuals attending college. College students were significantly less likely to receive past-year treatment for alcohol or drug use disorders than their non–college-attending peers. Conclusions Psychiatric disorders, particularly alcohol use disorders, are common in the college-aged population. Although treatment rates varied across disorders, overall fewer than 25% of individuals with a mental disorder sought treatment in the year prior to the survey. These findings underscore the importance of treatment and prevention interventions among college-aged individuals.

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Mental health of college students and their non-college-attending peers: results from the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence — from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, Judith Lewis Herman. New York: Basic Books, 1992. 276 pp. $27.00. ISBN 0-465-08765–5.Shattered Assumptions: Toward A New Psychology of Trauma, Ronnie Janoff-Bulman. New York: The Free Press, 1992, 256 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-02-916015–4.

Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence — from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror

Are perceived increases in symptom severity in college counseling center clients real or imagined? Counseling center staff, retrospectively, reported that client problems are more severe now than in the past. Yet studies examining client distress levels at intake have found no significant increases. This study examined counseling center client problems across 13 years from the perspective of the treating therapist at the time of case closure. Increases were found for 14 of 19 client problem areas, whereas other areas retained stable levels, and 2 problem areas had a quadratic trend over time. These changes directly affect counseling service practices. Across several years, counseling center staff (Robbins, May, & Corazzini, 1985) and directors (Gallagher, Gill, & Sysco, 2000; O’Malley, Wheeler, Murphey, O’Connell, & Waldo, 1990) have perceived increases in levels of psychopathology and symptom severity among counseling center client populations. In these studies, therapists’ and directors’ responses were retrospective, reflecting their speculations about changes in client problems over the previous years. However, researchers who have attempted to examine this issue with more objective data, such as client-perceived distress scores at intake, have found no differences across 6 – 8 years (Cornish, Kominars, Riva, McIntosh, & Henderson, 2000; Pledge, Lapan, Heppner, Kivlighan, & Roehlke, 1998). How can one explain the discrepancy between therapists’ and directors’ post hoc subjective impressions and client-perceived distress scores? What increases in symptom severity might therapists and directors perceive that are not reflected in measures of client distress levels at intake? This study attempted to lend some clarity to these questions by providing data from another perspective. We analyzed client case descriptors, completed by therapists at case closure, for each case across a 13-year period. Several researchers have relied on retrospective survey data, asking counselors and directors to recall their impressions regarding changes in symptom severity over time. For example, Robbins et al. (1985) surveyed 200 college counseling center staffs and found that most respondents reported an increase in the emotional and behavioral problems of their clients over 3 years. Gallagher et

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Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years.

Overcoming the masculine mystique : preferences for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling

Two distinct deficits in research on male gender role conflict are addressed: (a) lack of psychometric information and (b) lack of research involving clinical samples. First, using 1,043 men across three samples, the psychometric properties of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) were examined through confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency estimation, and construct validation. Next, using 130 male university counseling center clients across two samples, the relation between gender role conflict and psychological distress was examined. The GRCS demonstrated good internal consistency and was best modeled as 4 intercorrelated factors, as originally proposed by J. M. O'Neil, B. Helms, R. Gable, L. David, and L. Wrightsman (1986). Construct validity was supported through correlations with attitudes about masculinity, fear of intimacy, and social desirability in expected directions. However, reservations about the Conflicts Between Work and Family Relations subscale are noted. Male gender role conflict was significantly related to psychological distress, with the Restrictive Emotionality subscale being the best predictor of distress level. Implications for mental health practice and future research are discussed

Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress.

This is the first study to examine the relations between components of masculine gender role conflict and specific symptoms of psychological distress in a sample of men seeking counseling services. One hundred and thirty male clients from 2 university counseling centers completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Participants reported moderate to high levels of psychological symptoms, which were correlated with components of masculine role conflict. Results of simultaneous multiple regressions supported previous findings in nonclinical samples of relations between masculine role conflict and depression and interpersonal issues. In addition, masculine role conflict significantly predicted paranoia, psychoticism, and obsessive compulsivity. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.

The Relation Between Masculine Role Conflict and Psychological Distress in Male University Counseling Center Clients

Practicing counselors and therapists (N=47) were randomly assigned to view one of two versions of a videotaped simulation of a depressed White male client, portrayed by a professional actor. The tapes were identical except for the client's occupational and family roles, which were portrayed as either gender-traditional or nontraditional. During specified pauses in the videotape, the therapists responded verbally as if they were conducting a counseling session with a client, and their reponses were recorded

John M. Robertson

Papers

Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years.

Overcoming the masculine mystique : preferences for alternative forms of assistance among men who avoid counseling

Male gender role conflict: Psychometric issues and relations to psychological distress.

The Relation Between Masculine Role Conflict and Psychological Distress in Male University Counseling Center Clients

The (Mis)Treatment of Men: Effects of Client Gender Role and Life-Style on Diagnosis and Attribution of Pathology.