Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

▪ Abstract We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. The emergence of “bridging organizations” seem to lower the costs of collaboration and conflict resolution, and enabling legislation and governmental policies can support self-organization while framing creativity for adaptive comanagement efforts. A resilient social-eco...

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Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems

http://www.dpi.inpe.br/Miguel/Michelle/Referencias/Ecologia_da_Paisagem/BiologicalConservation_SpecialIssue_2009/02_Ribeiro_et_al_biocons_2009.pdf

The Brazilian Atlantic Forest:: how much is left and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation

Expansion and intensification of cultivation are among the predominant global changes of this century. Intensification of agriculture by use of high-yielding crop varieties, fertilization, irrigation, and pesticides has contributed substantially to the tremendous increases in food production over the past 50 years. Land conversion and intensification, however, also alter the biotic interactions and patterns of resource availability in ecosystems and can have serious local, regional, and global environmental consequences. The use of ecologically based management strategies can increase the sustainability of agricultural production while reducing off-site consequences.

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Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties

It comes as something ofa surprise to reflect that the New York Review ofBooks is now over twenty years old. Even people of my generation (that is, old enough to remember the revolutionary 196os but not young enough to have taken a very exciting part in them) think of the paper as eternally youthful. In fact, it has gone through years of relatively quiet life, yet, as always in a competitive journalistic market, it is the controversies that attract the interest of the reader and to which the history (especially an admittedly impressionistic survey that tries to include something of the intellectual context in which a journal has operated) must give some attention. Not all the attacks which the New York Review has attracted, both early in its career and more recently, are worth more than a brief summary. What do we now make, for example, of Richard Kostelanetz's forthright accusation that 'The New York Review was from its origins destined to publicize Random House's (and especially [Jason] Epstein's) books and writers'?1 Well, simply that, even if the statistics bear out the charge (and Kostelanetz provides some suggestive evidence to support it, at least with respect to some early issues), there is nothing surprising in a market economy about a publisher trying to push his books through the pages of a journal edited by his friends. True, the New York Review has not had room to review more than around fifteen books in each issue and there could be a bias in the selection of

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3507774.pdf

The New York Review of Books

"While tropical forests are being cleared at an alarming rate, the clearing is rarely complete and is often not permanent. A considerable amount of tropical forest exists as remnants that have significant value both for the conservation of biological diversity and for meeting the needs of local people.This volume brings together world-renowned scientists and conservationists to address the biological and socio-economic value of forest remnants and to examine practical efforts to conserve those remnants. An outgrowth of a year-long study by the policy program at the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, "Forest Patches in Tropical Landscapes" provides a broad overview of theory and practice, and will help foster both interdisciplinary research and more effective approaches to tropical conservation and development.

Forest patches in tropical landscapes.

Conservationists have increasingly turned to ecotourism to provide local economic benefits while maintaining ecosystem integrity. Research conducted in Costa Rica to examine models linking conservation and development indicates ecotourism's effectiveness as a conservation strategy has been mixed. Where ecotourism offers a viable economic alternative, tourism opportunities have induced people to abandon cultivated land, allowing forests to regenerate. Employmente in tourism, however, reveals minimal influence on conservation perspectives. Other factors, including indirect tourism benefits and education levels, show stronger associations with conservation behaviors and perspectives. Results also indicate ecotourism might be most effective as a component of a broader conservation strategy.

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Community Participation in Ecotourism Benefits: The Link to Conservation Practices and Perspectives

Reforestation programs are a common policy response among developing country governments in the tropics attempting to deal with environmental and economic problems caused by widespread deforestation. The objective of this paper is to examine participation by small-and medium-sized farms in two reforestation programs undertaken in recent years by one country, Costa Rica, which has been at the forefront of developing country environmental protection efforts. Analysis of a survey of 243 program participants and non-participants shows that farm households participating in reforestation programs had generally larger farm sizes, were dedicated to low labor-intensive, land-extensive agricultural activities, faced significant family on-farm labor constraints, were more heavily dependent on off-farm income sources, and had more extensive contact with local extension efforts. Logistic regression is employed to econometrically identify demographic, economic, and land use determinants of farm household participation in reforestation programs; the implications of these findings are analyzed. The limitations of reforestation programs, especially with regard to management factors and quality of reforested plots, are reviewed. Implications for improving the efficiency of reforestation programs and the merits of other policy alternatives are also discussed.

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Farmer participation in reforestation incentive programs in Costa Rica

Foreword, Norman Uphoff Introduction: The Challenge of Adaptive Collaborative Management, John Schelhas, Louise E. Buck, and Charles C. Geisler I. Foundations of Adaptive Collaborative Management Kai N. Lee, Appraising Adaptive Management, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Roles for Civil Society in Protected Area Management: A Global Perspective on Current Trends in Collaborative Management Sarah Christiansen and Eric Dinerstein, Ecodevelopment Perspectives in Conservation: Recent Lessons and Future Directions Jeffrey A. Sayer, Learning and Adaptation for Forest Conservation Robert J. Fisher, Experience, Challenges, and Prospects for Collaborative Management of Protected Areas: An International Perspective II. Institutions and Policies Charles G. Geisler , Adapting Land Reform to Protected Area Management in the Dominican Republic Richard Cahoon, Property in Wild Biota and Adaptive Collaborative Management Neils Roling and Janice Jiggins, Agents in Adaptive Collaborative Management: The Logic of Collective Cognition Jon Anderson, On the Edge of Chaos: Crafting Adaptive Collaborative Management for Biological Diversity Conservation in a Pluralistic World Ronald J. Herring, Authority and Scale in Political Ecology: Some Cautions on Localism, Maria Paz (Ipat) G. Luna, Tenure and Community Management of Protected Areas in the Philippines: Policy Change and Implementation Challenges III. Modeling Protected Area-Human Activity Systems Andy White, Hans Gregersen, Allen Lundgren, and Glenn Smucker, Making Public Protected Area Systems Effective: An Operational Framework John Schelhas, Ecoregional Management in Southern Costa Rica: Finding a Role for Adaptive Collaborative Management Jenny Ericson, Eckart Boege, and Mark S. Freudenberger, Population Dynamics, Migration, and the Future of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Toward Social Criteria and Indicators for Protected Areas: One Cut on Adaptive Co-management Nick Salafsky and Richard Margoluis, Overview of a Systematic Approach to Designing, Managing, and Monitoring Conservation and Development Projects Eva Wollenberg, David Edmunds, and Louise E. Buck, Anticipating Change: Scenarios as a Tool for Increasing Adaptivity in Multi-stakeholder Settings IV. Case Studies: Applications of Adaptive Collaborative Management Approaches Arlyne Johnson, Paul Igag, Robert Bino, and Paul Hakahu, Community-based Conservation Area Management in Papua, New Guinea: Adapting to Changing Policy and Practice Carlos Guindon, Celia Harvey, and Guillermo Vargas, Integrating Biological Research and Land Use Practices in Monteverde, Costa Rica, Richard Ford and William McConnell, Linking GIS and Participation to Manage Natural Resources in Madagascar Paul Cowles, Haingolalao Rasolonirinarimanana, and Vololoniaina Rasoarimanana, Innovative Learning in a Participatory Ecoregion-based Planning Process: The Case of AGERAS in Tulear, Madagascar, Maria Cristina S. Guerrero and Eufemia Felisa Pinto, Reclaiming Ancestral Domains in Palawan, Phillipines: A Context for Adaptive Collaborative Management

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Biological diversity: balancing interests through adaptive collaborative management

The transaction cost approach is used to explain why small non-industrial private forest (NIPF) ownerships are increasing in the U.S. We argue that the number of small NIPF owners have increased because: 1) a significant amount of forestland is no longer used economically if primarily for timber production, but rather for non-timber forest products and environmental services (particularly where population density is high), 2) when a person makes frequent use of non-timber products and services, owning forestland is more efficient for them because it saves the transaction costs involved in getting them from the market, 3) forestland parcelization takes place when non-timber value increases faster than timber value, and 4) marginal value for non-timber product is diminishing much faster than that for timber production. The paper also discusses implications of the parcelization of NIPF ownerships on forest management.

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John Schelhas

Papers

Forest patches in tropical landscapes.

Community Participation in Ecotourism Benefits: The Link to Conservation Practices and Perspectives

Farmer participation in reforestation incentive programs in Costa Rica

Biological diversity: balancing interests through adaptive collaborative management

Small-Scale Non-industrial Private Forest Ownership in the United States: Rationale and Implications for Forest Management