http://urbansustainability.snre.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Defining-Urban-Resilience_Meerow_Newell_Stults.pdf

Defining urban resilience: A review

Introduction The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong at the broken places. (Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms, 1929) We live in challenging times with a heightened sense of uncer...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124

Resilience: A Bridging Concept or a Dead End? “Reframing” Resilience: Challenges for Planning Theory and Practice Interacting Traps: Resilience Assessment of a Pasture Management System in Northern Afghanistan Urban Resilience: What Does it Mean in Planning Practice? Resilience as a Useful Concept for Climate Change Adaptation? The Politics of Resilience for Planning: A Cautionary Note

韧性（resilience）是指个人面对生活逆境、创伤、悲剧、威胁及其他生活重大压力的良好适应，也是个人应激（stress）和应对（coping）的正面结果。在过去的数十年，护理学等健康相关领域的学者们一直在关注为什么一些人在逆境、压力、疾病等高危（high risk）经历下也能较好地维持健康，而一些人则被逆境打败，身心健康也随之处于不良状态。近年来，应激心理学、健康心理学、精神医学、教育学、护理学等各学科对韧性概念越来越重视，尤其是临床领域的研究，从过去强调人的缺点和脆弱性的病理模式转变为关注个人的优势和强韧性的健康模式。

韧性（Resilience）的概念分析

Climate change and urban resilience

Climate change will have unavoidable impacts on urban systems and populations, especially in Asia where many large cities are exposed. Climate adaptation will be essential, and planning for adaptation can be simplified through operationalizing concepts of climate resilience and vulnerability. This article reviews concepts and theories in a range of diverse fields to illustrate how the general notion of urban climate resilience can be developed into an operational framework for planning practitioners. The framework integrates theoretical and empirical knowledge of the factors contributing to resilience with processes for translating those concepts into practice. The framework includes characteristics of urban systems, the agents (people and organizations) that depend on and manage those systems, institutions that link systems and agents, and patterns of exposure to climate change. It operationalizes these concepts through structured and iterative shared learning approaches that allow local planners to defi...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17565529.2012.745389

A framework for urban climate resilience

http://www.nusap.net/downloads/Wardekker_ea_2010_TFS.pdf

Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertain climate changes

Climate change and sea level rise urge low-lying countries to draft adaption policies. In this context, we assessed whether, to what extent and when the Netherlands’ current flood risk management policy may require a revision. By applying scenarios on climate change and socio-economic development and performing flood simulations, we established the past and future changes in flood probabilities, exposure and consequences until about 2050. We also questioned whether the present policy may be extended much longer, applying the concept of ‘policy tipping points’. Climate change was found to cause a significant increase of flood risk, but less than economic development does. We also established that the current flood risk management policy in the Netherlands can be continued for centuries when the sea level rise rate does not exceed 1.5 m per century. However, we also conclude that the present policy may not be the most attractive strategy, as it has some obvious flaws.

/pdf/assessment-of-the-netherlands-flood-risk-management-policy-52zdzethdn.pdf

Assessment of the Netherlands’ Flood Risk Management Policy Under Global Change

. The Netherlands' policy for flood risk management is being revised in view of a sustainable development against a background of climate change, sea level rise and increasing socio-economic vulnerability to floods. This calls for a thorough policy analysis, which can only be adequate when there is agreement about the "framing" of the problem and about the strategic alternatives that should be taken into account. In support of this framing, we performed an exploratory policy analysis, applying future climate and socio-economic scenarios to account for the autonomous development of flood risks, and defined a number of different strategic alternatives for flood risk management at the national level. These alternatives, ranging from flood protection by brute force to reduction of the vulnerability by spatial planning only, were compared with continuation of the current policy on a number of criteria, comprising costs, the reduction of fatality risk and economic risk, and their robustness in relation to uncertainties. We found that a change of policy away from conventional embankments towards gaining control over the flooding process by making the embankments unbreachable is attractive. By thus influencing exposure to flooding, the fatality risk can be effectively reduced at even lower net societal costs than by continuation of the present policy or by raising the protection standards where cost-effective.

/pdf/in-search-of-robust-flood-risk-management-alternatives-for-vjskscseqx.pdf

In search of robust flood risk management alternatives for the Netherlands

The growing demand for food, water, and shelter change the way people use land. These changes have affected or even caused conflict in several locations. However, conflicts do not erupt in isolation; they are the result of multiple interacting causes. There is limited structural understanding of these causes. In this study, we systematically coded case studies that report on conflict related to land-use change, including deforestation in commodity frontiers, agricultural development on common land, and urban development. Based on an analysis of 62 cases, we identified population growth, overlapping land rights, ethnic fragmentation, and economic inequality as the most frequently reported root causes, while rises in land prices was the most often reported proximate cause. Reported institutional causes suggest that the problem is not necessarily the complete absence of governance mechanisms, but rather that governance mechanisms are not fully equipped to deal with the complexities of the observed land-use changes.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1747423X.2021.1933226

Understanding land-use change conflict: a systematic review of case studies

The Dutch National Risk Assessment (NRA) is a methodology to assess the impact and likelihood of all possible threats and hazards that might hit the Netherlands, including a large-scale flood. This methodology addresses all the physical and social aspects that determine social disruption. The NRA has been applied to six European floods in Central and Western Europe. The results show that the NRA impact score for a flooding scenario can be interpreted as a measure for social disruption. Some comments can be made, however. The all hazards approach of the NRA is designed as a robust instrument that enables covering a wide array of threats and disasters. As a result, the NRA in its ‘original’ form offers little room for detailed differences in the consequences of different flooding scenarios. Tailor-made adjustments to the NRA are needed to insure that, for instance, differences in the number of casualties for different floods do not get lost in the bandwidth of the impact criteria. Socio-psychological factors significantly mark the impact of flooding. This offers opportunities to steer on avoiding or restricting social disruption by flooding by putting an adequate flood risk and crisis communication in place. The floods in Central Europe in 2002 and 2013 more or less present the lower and upper bounds of the impacts of recent large-scale river floods in Central and Western Europe. Compared with this bandwidth, the impact of a scenario of a worst-case river flood in the Netherlands is not unusual in a European context.

Joost Knoop

Papers

Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertain climate changes

Assessment of the Netherlands’ Flood Risk Management Policy Under Global Change

In search of robust flood risk management alternatives for the Netherlands

Understanding land-use change conflict: a systematic review of case studies

Social disruption by flooding, a European perspective