The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

Table of basic properties Notation and basic definitions Preface 1. What is the integral closure 2. Integral closure of rings 3. Separability 4. Noetherian rings 5. Rees algebras 6. Valuations 7. Derivations 8. Reductions 9. Analytically unramified rings 10. Rees valuations 11. Multiplicity and integral closure 12. The conductor 13. The Briancon-Skoda theorem 14. Two-dimensional regular local rings 15. Computing the integral closure 16. Integral dependence of modules 17. Joint reductions 18. Adjoints of ideals 19. Normal homomorphisms Appendix A. Some background material Appendix B. Height and dimension formulas References Index.

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Integral closure of ideals, rings, and modules

Monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles are synthesized by a much simplified method of reductive decomposition of iron acetylacetonate in benzyl ether and oleylamine. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles are catalytically active for CVD growth of 1D boron nanowires.

Oleylamine as Both Reducing Agent and Stabilizer in a Facile Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles

This ACM volume deals with tackling problems that can be represented by data structures which are essentially matrices with polynomial entries, mediated by the disciplines of commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. The discoveries stem from an interdisciplinary branch of research which has been growing steadily over the past decade. The author covers a wide range, from showing how to obtain deep heuristics in a computation of a ring, a module or a morphism, to developing means of solving nonlinear systems of equations - highlighting the use of advanced techniques to bring down the cost of computation. Although intended for advanced students and researchers with interests both in algebra and computation, many parts may be read by anyone with a basic abstract algebra course.

Computational methods in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry

Nanostructured materials premise to revolutionize the label-free biosensing of analytes for clinical applications, leveraging the deeper interaction between materials and analytes with comparable size. However, when the characteristic dimension of the materials reduces to the nanoscale, the surface functionalization for the binding of bioreceptors becomes a complex issue that can affect the performance of label-free biosensors. Here we report on an effective and robust route for surface biofunctionalization of nanostructured materials based on the layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic nano-assembly of oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes, which are engineered with bioreceptors to enable label-free detection of target analytes. LbL biofunctionalization is demonstrated using nanostructured porous silicon (PSi) interferometers for affinity detection of streptavidin in saliva, through LbL nano-assembly of a bi-layer of positively-charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and negatively-charged biotinylated poly(methacrylic acid) (b-PMAA). High sensitivity in streptavidin detection is achieved, with high selectivity and stability, down to a detection limit of 600 fM. In label-free biosensing surface functionalisation is a complex issue that can affect sensing performance. Here, the authors report on an electrostatic layer-by-layer technique to functionalize a surface and demonstrate this technique using biotinylated polymer for streptavidin detection in saliva.

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Layer-by-layer biofunctionalization of nanostructured porous silicon for high-sensitivity and high-selectivity label-free affinity biosensing

The detection limit is one of the most important performance parameters for bioanalytical techniques. Here we present a generic method to estimate the detection limit of biomolecular assays based on a step-by-step analysis of the assay procedure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used here as an example; however, much of the information presented in this article may be applied to other types of biomolecular assays and analytical techniques. A clear understanding of what affects the detection limit can help researchers to evaluate different bio-analytical techniques properly, and to design better strategies to optimize and achieve the best analytical performance.

Predicting detection limits of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bioanalytical techniques in general

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Maximally generated Cohen-Macaulay modules.

The growth kinetics and mechanism of a gold nanoparticle synthesis using water as a single phase solvent and oleylamine as both reducing agent and monolayer protection agent were studied. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed a conversion of oleylamine ligands to oleylamides when gold(III) was reduced to gold(I) and gold atoms. During the reaction, it was found by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopic study that oleylamine ligands formed large complex aggregates with gold salt instantly upon mixing these two agents together. At an elevated temperature of 80 degrees C, the complex decomposed first into very small particles and then the small particles recombined together into larger and thermally stable particles with an average core size around 9-10 nm. The oleylamide ligands formed a protecting monolayer around the nanoparticles through a hydrogen bonding network between the amide groups. The recombination of small particles into larger ones was found to follow a logistic model, as confirmed by a nonlinear regression fitting of the UV-Vis absorption data of the reaction solution with the mathematical model.

A study on gold nanoparticle synthesis using oleylamine as both reducing agent and protecting ligand.

Elements of a finite field, GF(2/sup m/), are represented as elements in a ring in which multiplication is more time efficient. This leads to faster multipliers with a modest increase in the number of XOR and AND gates needed to construct the multiplier. Such multipliers are used in error control coding and cryptography. We consider rings modulo trinomials and 4-term polynomials. In each case, we show that our multiplier is faster than multipliers over elements in a finite field defined by irreducible pentanomials. These results are especially significant in the field of elliptic curve cryptography, where pentanomials are used to define finite fields. Finally, an efficient systolic implementation of a multiplier for elements in a ring defined by x/sup n/+x+1 is presented.

Joseph P. Brennan

Papers

Predicting detection limits of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and bioanalytical techniques in general

Maximally generated Cohen-Macaulay modules.

A study on gold nanoparticle synthesis using oleylamine as both reducing agent and protecting ligand.

Low complexity multiplication in a finite field using ring representation

The Buchsbaum–Rim Polynomial of a Module☆