Photoelectrochemical DNA biosensors.

The evolution of photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis has resulted in substantial progress in its analytical performance and biodetection applications. The aim of this review is to provide a panoramic snapshot of the state of the art in this dynamically developing field, with special emphasis on PEC DNA analysis, immunoassay, enzymatic biosensing and cell-related detection. The future prospects in this area are also evaluated and discussed. This work will serve as a useful source to inform the interested audience of the latest developments and applications in the field of PEC bioanalysis.

Photoelectrochemical bioanalysis: the state of the art

Publisher Summary The electroactivity of nucleic acids was discovered several years ago. It was shown that at mercury electrodes, adenine and cytosine were reduced in ssDNA while guanine produced an anodic signal due to the oxidation of guanine reduction product. The DNA signals at mercury electrodes are highly sensitive to changes in DNA structure due to DNA denaturation and renaturation, as well as to minor structural changes resulting from DNA premelting and DNA damage. The changes in DNA structure are reflected not only by the DNA faradaic responses but also by non-faradaic signals due to adsorption/desorption of DNA. Several interesting principles have been used in the development of the DNA sensors—such as amplified electrochemical analysis, investigation of charge transport, and tracing of changes in conformation of DNA. The s ensors for DNA hybridization and DNA damage lead the field of the electrochemistry of nucleic acids. The chapter briefly summarizes some properties of the elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS) method. Oscillographic polarography, at controlled alternating current, was used in the electrochemical analysis of nucleic acids.

Electrochemistry of nucleic acids.

In this review, we wish to show that in the recent years a
significant progress was done in the EC analysis of practically
all proteins, based on electroactivity of amino acid (aa)
residues in proteins. Also electrochemistry of polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and glycoproteins greatly advanced in creating
important steps for its larger application in the glycoprotein
research. In recent decades, a great effort was devoted to the
discovery and application of biomarkers for analysis of
different diseases, including cancer. In the following
paragraphs, special attention will be paid (i) to intrinsic
electroactivity of peptides and proteins, including the
sensitivity to changes in protein 3D structures, as well as to
recent advances in EC investigations of DNA-protein
interactions, (ii) to intrinsic electroactivity of glycans and
polysaccharides, advances in EC detection of
lectin-glycoprotein interactions and to introduction of
electroactive labels to polysaccharides and glycans and finally
(iii) to EC detection of protein biomarkers, based
predominantly on application of antibodies in immunoassays,
nucleic acid and peptide aptamers for construction of
aptasensors, and lectin biosensors for detection of
glycoprotein biomarkers.

Electrochemistry of Nonconjugated Proteins and Glycoproteins. Toward Sensors for Biomedicine and Glycomics

Recent advances in DNA-based electrochemical biosensors for heavy metal ion detection: A review.

An electrochemical nucleic acid (NA)-based biosensor is a biosensor that integrates a nucleic acid as the biological recognition element and an electrode as the electrochemical signal transducer. The present report provides concepts, terms, and methodology related to biorecognition elements, detection principles, type of interactions to be addressed, and con- struction and performance of electrochemical NA biosensors, including their critical evalua- tion, which should be valuable for a wide audience, from academic, biomedical, environ- mental, and food-testing, drug-developing, etc. laboratories to sensor producers.

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Electrochemical nucleic acid-based biosensors: Concepts, terms, and methodology (IUPAC Technical Report)

Associate Members: A. M. Bond (Australia; 1989±1997); K. Cammann (Germany, 1989±1995); M. F. Camoes (Portugal; 1987± 1995); A. G. Fogg (UK, 1987±1997); L. Gorton, (Sweden; 1994±1997); W. R. Heineman (USA, 1991±1995); S. Kihara (Japan, 1991±1997); W. F. Koch (USA, 1991±1995); W. Kutner (Poland; 1989±1995); E. Lindner (Hungary, 1995±1997); R. Naumann (Germany, 1995±1997); K. W. Pratt (USA, 1995±1997); E. Wang (China, 1987±1995); J. Wang (USA, 1991±1997).

Joseph Wang

Papers

Electrochemical nucleic acid-based biosensors: Concepts, terms, and methodology (IUPAC Technical Report)

Terminology and Convention for Electrochemical Stripping Analysis

Analytical chemistry division commission on electroanalytical chemistry terminology and convention for electrochemical stripping analysis