語用論(Pragmatics)を考える

The top five reasons for lurking: improving community experiences for everyone

From the Publisher: \nThe telephone looms large in our lives, as ever present in modern societies as cars and television. Claude Fischer presents the first social history of this vital but little-studied technologyhow we encountered, tested, and ultimately embraced it with enthusiasm. Using telephone ads, oral histories, telephone industry correspondence, and statistical data, Fischer's work is a colorful exploration of how, when, and why Americans started communicating in this radically new manner. Studying three California communities, Fischer uncovers how the telephone became integrated into the private worlds and community activities of average Americans in the first decades of this century. Women were especially avid in their use, a phenomenon which the industry first vigorously discouraged and then later wholeheartedly promoted. Again and again Fischer finds that the telephone supported a wide-ranging network of social relations and played a crucial role in community life, especially for women, from organizing children's relationships and church activities to alleviating the loneliness and boredom of rural life. Deftly written and meticulously researched, America Calling adds an important new chapter to the social history of our nation and illuminates a fundamental aspect of cultural modernism that is integral to contemporary life. \nAuthor Biography: Claude S. Fischer is Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of To Dwell among Fris: Personal Networks in Town and City (1982) and The Urban Experience (1984).

America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940

The aim of this research is to understand how the transformation of the communication technoscape allows for the development of particular patterns in the construction of social bonds. It provides evidence for the development of a ‘connected’ management of relationships, in which the (physically) absent party gains presence through the multiplication of mediated communication gestures on both sides, up to the point where copresent interactions and mediated distant exchanges seem woven into a single, seamless web. After reviewing some of the current social-science research, I rely on empirical studies of the uses of the home telephone, the mobile phone, and mobile text messaging in France to discuss how this particular repertoire of ‘connected’ relationships has gradually crystallized as these technologies have become widespread and as each additional communication resource has been made available to users. I also describe how such a ‘connected’ mode coexists with a previous way of managing ‘mediated’ rela...

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'Connected' presence: the emergence of a new repertoire for managing social relationships in a changing communication technoscape

Quelle evaluation peut-on faire d'une vingtaine d'annees de recherches consacrees a la sociologie des usages des objets de communication ? A partir d'un point de vue critique, cet article retrace l'archeologie de ce courant (caracteristiques des chercheurs et des equipes, modalites de financement de la recherche...) qui a emerge avec le developpement des technologies de l'information et de la communication et s'est etendu ensuite a l'etude d'autres medias et de dispositifs de communication diversifies. Cette demarche heuristique nous conduit a retracer les origines theoriques de la sociologie des usages et a identifier les problematiques qui ont contribue a sa genese puis a son evolution. Par dela la diversite des etudes et des approches, le projet tente de degager les principaux apports de la sociologie des usages a la comprehension des phenomenes de communication. Cet examen nous permet, en dernier lieu, de nous interroger sur les perspectives de la sociologie des usages et, face a la montee de l'empirisme, de plaider pour son inscription forte dans les sciences sociales.

Retour critique sur la sociologie des usages

En etudiant les echanges sur un forum public et leurs interconnexions avec d'autres supports sur Internet, cet article s'attache a montrer comment se constituent pratiquement des interactions asynchrones, ecrites et mediatisees par les reseaux electroniques. Le forum ne constitue pas a lui seul un cadre de participation. En effet, d'autres ressources du reseau sont mobilisees au cours ou autour des interactions dans le forum : les pages personnelles et les sites collectifs peuvent etre utilises pour s'orienter par rapport a l'interlocuteur ; la messagerie ou les outils de conversation en direct peuvent etre utilises en parallele ou successivement pour des echanges prives. Pour rendre compte de la particularite des interactions mediatisees, l'analyse explore les types d'activite sur le forum, la constitution des identites et la maniere dont se construisent les relations sur le reseau.

Constitution d'un espace de communication sur Internet (forums, pages personnelles, courrier électronique...)

Resume Cet article analyse des interactions ecrites se deroulant en temps reel sur internet dans le cadre des webchats . S'inspirant de l'ethnomethodologie et de la sociologie phenomenologique, il interroge les identites et les formes de relation qui s'y constituent. Comment les utilisateurs se dotent-ils d'une identite fondee sur la seule ecriture electronique ? Comment des relations peuvent-elles se nouer, se developper, se maintenir durablement dans ce contexte et quelle en est la specificite ? L'analyse articule deux types de donnees : des recits de pratique et des discussions enregistrees sur les chats . La premiere partie etablit le lien entre le cadre spatio-temporel du dispositif de communication et la forme des interactions qui s'y deploient. La deuxieme partie est consacree aux typifications mises en œuvre par les participants pour construire leurs identites et leurs relations. En conclusion, la forme des relations dans les chats est caracterisee par une tension entre les categories d'intimite et d'anonymat.

L’intimité anonyme dans les conversations électroniques sur les webchats

This paper presents some field results of a study of an on-line community : the cyberians. Backed up by our empirical findings we discuss the concept of community in order to gain a better understanding of the sense of the still problematic notion of virtual community. We suggest a set of issues defining, in our opinion, virtual communities and allowing their empirical study. We follow two main lines of investigation : the construction of Self and the relationship to the Other in the CMC settings and the social structures of the virtual community of the cyberians. Internet users clients of Cyberia, a French access provider. We selected a population who is active on newsgroups and has its own homepage. Five newsgroups are reserved to Cyberia clients, and namely one dedicated to technical help. This newsgroup is quite active : an average of around 200 messages are posted every day, to be compared with the average of 24 messages a day calculated on 500 newsgroups by Whittaker & al. (1998). We started with an ethnographic account and analysis of productions of cyberians on the net : their homepages and their messages on the newsgroups. Those provide new communication spaces, which are opportunities for relations in public in Goffman's sense (presentation of self, meeting and interacting). Three issues are of concern to us here : the presentation of self, the building of the relations with others, and the construction and social life of Internet communities. We tried to use the classical sociological notions on community, and see to what extent they were useful for the study of " virtual " groups. We hope to contribute to clarify the term " virtual community " and facilitate its empirical description. We use the notion of sociality in Alfred Schutz's (1976, p. 230) sense as " the common intersubjective world of communication and social action ". This definition highlights the founding value of common-sense shared knowledge for the constitution of social groups. The notion of sociality refers here to the social constructs which enable communication and interaction. When studying cyberian everyday life, we tried to see whether there was a specific form of sociality in the situation of CMC

The Cyberians : an empirical study of sociality in a virtual community

Voice User Interfaces are becoming ubiquitously available, providing unprecedented opportunities to advance our understanding of voice interaction in a burgeoning array of practices and settings. We invite participants to contribute work-in-progress in voice interaction, and to come together to reflect on related methodological matters, social uses, and design issues. This one-day workshop will be geared specifically to present and discuss methodologies for, and data emerging from, ongoing empirical studies of voice interfaces in use and connected emerging design insights. We seek to draw on participants' (alongside organisers') contributions to explore ways of operationalising findings from such studies for the purposes of design. As part of this, will try to identify what can be done to improve user experience and consider creative approaches to how we might ameliorate challenges that are faced in the design of voice UIs.

Voice-based Conversational UX Studies and Design

Cette these etudie les interactions ecrites se deroulant en temps reel ou differe sur internet (chats, forums, et listes de discussion) et l'emergence d'identites de relations et de collectifs. L'enquete bat en breche les analyses qui presentent internet comme un espace d'echange libre et ouvert aux rencontres de differences. Pour rendre compte de cet environnement, les recherches doivent s'attacher a decrire les interactions electroniques independamment de modeles ideaux - tels que les echanges thematiquement structures et la conversation en face a face - par rapport auxquels elles feraient figure de modes de communication appauvris. Cette these montre donc que les activites d'ecriture electronique meritent d'etre etudiees pour elles-memes, afin d'elucider comment elles engagent ceux qui entendent y participer a produire activement leurs identites, leurs relations et des collectifs, c'est-a-dire a constituer internet comme un media de communication.

Julia Velkovska

Papers

Constitution d'un espace de communication sur Internet (forums, pages personnelles, courrier électronique...)

L’intimité anonyme dans les conversations électroniques sur les webchats

The Cyberians : an empirical study of sociality in a virtual community

Voice-based Conversational UX Studies and Design

Les formes de la sociabilité électronique : une sociologie des activités d'écriture sur internet