Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical system (CPS) concepts in industrial application scenarios, industrial automation is undergoing a tremendous change. This is made possible in part by recent advances in technology that allow interconnection on a wider and more fine-grained scale. The purpose of this article is to review technological trends and the impact they may have on industrial communication. We will review the impact of IoT and CPSs on industrial automation from an industry 4.0 perspective, give a survey of the current state of work on Ethernet time-sensitive networking (TSN), and shed light on the role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom networks in automation. Moreover, we will point out the need for harmonization beyond networking.

The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.

Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in data-based techniques focused on modern industrial applications. As one of the hottest research topics for complicated processes, the data-based techniques have been rapidly developed over the past two decades and widely used in numerous industrial sectors nowadays. The core of data-based techniques is to take full advantage of the huge amounts of available process data, aiming to acquire the useful information within. Compared with the well-developed model-based approaches, data-based techniques provide efficient alternative solutions for different industrial issues under various operating conditions. The main objective of this paper is to review and summarize the recent achievements in data-based techniques, especially for complicated industrial applications, thus providing a referee for further study on the related topics both from academic and practical points of view. This paper begins with a brief evolutionary overview of data-based techniques in the last two decades. Then, the methodologies only based on process measurements and the model-data integrated techniques will be further introduced. The recent developments for modern industrial applications are, respectively, presented mainly from perspectives of monitoring and control. The new trends of data-based technique as well as potential application fields are finally discussed.

Data-Based Techniques Focused on Modern Industry: An Overview

In this paper we discuss a selection of promising and interesting research areas in the design of protocols and systems for wireless industrial communications. We have selected topics that have either emerged as hot topics in the industrial communications community in the last few years (like wireless sensor networks), or which could be worthwhile research topics in the next few years (for example cooperative diversity techniques for error control, cognitive radio/opportunistic spectrum access for mitigation of external interferences).

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Recent and Emerging Topics in Wireless Industrial Communications: A Selection

Kurzfassung Im Rahmen des BMBF-Spitzenclusters vollziehen der Maschinenbau, die Elektro- und die Automobilzulieferindustrie der Region Ostwestfalen-Lippe den Wandel von der Mechatronik zu vernetzten Systemen mit einer inharenten Intelligenz. In insgesamt 46 Projekten entsteht eine Technologieplattform mit Fokus auf die Bereiche Selbstoptimierung, Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion, Intelligente Vernetzung, Energieeffizienz und Systems Engineering. Der Beitrag beschreibt konkrete Anwendungen auf der Basis dieser Technologieplattform, die dem Leitbild Industrie 4.0 folgen.

Der Spitzencluster it's OWL auf dem Weg zu Industrie 4.0

This paper presents an approach for the enhancement of standard switch ASICs with real-time Ethernet functions. Whereas a standard switch ASIC provides sophisticated mechanisms for switching of non real-time frames, an attached FPGA implements cut-through switching of real-time frames. The proposed FPGA architecture supports configuration of port numbers, bandwidth reservation for real-time frames and utilizes flow-control mechanisms of the ASIC in order to keep frame buffer sizes low. Mapping exemplary RTE extensions of PROFINET IRT onto a Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA demonstrates the capability of providing band-width reservation and cut-through-forwarding of real-time frames. Therefore, the approach benefits from the innovations made by the switch manufacturers, whereas only a small amount of functions has to be mapped onto an FPGA.

An FPGA based approach for the enhancement of COTS switch ASICs with real-time Ethernet functions

Increasing customization and dynamically allocated services for data analytics and production optimisation are forcing the industrial networks of the future to become more flexible and adaptive. Moreover, future converged networks require a higher degree of scalability and performance. Three technologies are currently under special observation for solving this issue: Time-Sensitive Networking, Software-defined Networking and OPC UA.This paper combines these three technologies into one network architecture. This architecture shows that it is possible to configure time-sensitive traffic streams by leveraging the Time-Sensitive Networking methods for synchronisation and Time Aware Shaping in combination with forwarding methods coming from Software-defined Networking. OPC UA is utilized as the link for industrial applications to interact with the network management and transmit their demands on the network service. Additionally, OPC UA serves as the data exchange technology among industrial applications by utilizing OPC UA PubSub and leveraging Quality-of-Service queues according Time-Sensitive Networking standards.It can be shown that the combination is a reasonable solution and a promising field for further investigation.

Configuration Solution for TSN-based Industrial Networks utilizing SDN and OPC UA

In the industrial automation a paradigm shift from centralized, static automation structures to reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) might be lie ahead. RMS are seen as a key enabler for the required changeability of future production companies since they can reduce the engineering effort needed for the reconfiguration of existing or the construction of new production systems. However, it is not clear how the companies can benefit from RMS in detail. For example, the reduction of engineering effort cannot be expressed in figures by today. But such information is necessary to convince the industry of the advantages of the new production principle. Indeed, existing RMS paradigms like Service-Oriented Architectures are rarely used in the practice of automation. The basis for analyzing the advantages of RMS is an analysis of the status quo in the industrial automation. Regarding the engineering effort of current automation systems, this paper will present a case study considering the effort occurring during the commissioning process of a production system constructed by state-of-the-art components. The evaluation of the study can serve as a reference when comparing the engineering effort of RMS with today's systems.

Analyzing the engineering effort for the commissioning of industrial automation systems

The new draft amendment IEEE 802.11e [1] introduces an improved medium access mechanism, called HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA), for deterministic real-time traffic. In this paper the performance of the HCCA is evaluated in an industrial automation network with real-time requirements. Thus a simulation model of the HCCA has been implemented for the network simulator OPNET [2] and the simulation results were compared with the EDCA in terms of latency in various scenarios.

Jurgen Jasperneite

Papers

Der Spitzencluster it's OWL auf dem Weg zu Industrie 4.0

An FPGA based approach for the enhancement of COTS switch ASICs with real-time Ethernet functions

Configuration Solution for TSN-based Industrial Networks utilizing SDN and OPC UA

Analyzing the engineering effort for the commissioning of industrial automation systems

Potential of the HCCA scheme defined in IEEE802.11e for QoS enabled Industrial Wireless Networks