Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical system (CPS) concepts in industrial application scenarios, industrial automation is undergoing a tremendous change. This is made possible in part by recent advances in technology that allow interconnection on a wider and more fine-grained scale. The purpose of this article is to review technological trends and the impact they may have on industrial communication. We will review the impact of IoT and CPSs on industrial automation from an industry 4.0 perspective, give a survey of the current state of work on Ethernet time-sensitive networking (TSN), and shed light on the role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom networks in automation. Moreover, we will point out the need for harmonization beyond networking.

The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.

Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in data-based techniques focused on modern industrial applications. As one of the hottest research topics for complicated processes, the data-based techniques have been rapidly developed over the past two decades and widely used in numerous industrial sectors nowadays. The core of data-based techniques is to take full advantage of the huge amounts of available process data, aiming to acquire the useful information within. Compared with the well-developed model-based approaches, data-based techniques provide efficient alternative solutions for different industrial issues under various operating conditions. The main objective of this paper is to review and summarize the recent achievements in data-based techniques, especially for complicated industrial applications, thus providing a referee for further study on the related topics both from academic and practical points of view. This paper begins with a brief evolutionary overview of data-based techniques in the last two decades. Then, the methodologies only based on process measurements and the model-data integrated techniques will be further introduced. The recent developments for modern industrial applications are, respectively, presented mainly from perspectives of monitoring and control. The new trends of data-based technique as well as potential application fields are finally discussed.

Data-Based Techniques Focused on Modern Industry: An Overview

In this paper we discuss a selection of promising and interesting research areas in the design of protocols and systems for wireless industrial communications. We have selected topics that have either emerged as hot topics in the industrial communications community in the last few years (like wireless sensor networks), or which could be worthwhile research topics in the next few years (for example cooperative diversity techniques for error control, cognitive radio/opportunistic spectrum access for mitigation of external interferences).

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Recent and Emerging Topics in Wireless Industrial Communications: A Selection

Die Erfindung betrifft einen modular aufbaubaren Ethernet-Switch. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen gegenuber dem Stand der
Technik neuen und wesentlich verbesserten Weg aufzuzeigen,
welcher insbesondere einen anwendergerechten bzw.
anwendungsspezifischen Ethernet-Switch bereitstellt. Die Erfindung schlagt hierzu einen Ethernet-Switch umfassend
eine Kopfeinrichtung (1) mit einer Crossbar-Einrichtung (7)
und einer Anzahl von nachgeschalteten Schnittstellenmodulen
(2a, 2b, 2c, 2d) mit jeweils einer ersten Anzahl einer Reihe
(5a, 5b, 5c, 5d) von Ports und einer zweiten Anzahl einer
Reihe (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d) von Ports derart vor, dass jeweils der
gleiche (51a, 51b, 51c, 51d) in der Reihe der ersten Anzahl
(5a, 5b, 5c, 5d) von Ports mit einer an eine
Schnittstelleneinrichtung (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d) gekoppelte Schalt-Steuereinheit
(3a, 3b, 3c, 3d) verbunden ist und die weiteren
Ports (52a, 53a, 54a) der Reihe der ersten Anzahl (5a, 5b,
5c, 5d) von Ports, jeweils uber kaskadisch gefuhrte
Datenleitungen mit einem Port der zweiten Anzahl (6a, 6b, 6c,
6d) der Reihe von Ports verbunden sind

Modulare Ethernet-Switch Architektur mit G.Links und ohne Adressierung der Schnittstellenmodule

Der Einsatz von Funktechnologien im Feldbusbereich stellt eine sinnvolle Erweiterung hinsichtlich Flexibilitat, Ubertragungssicherheit und Kosten dar. Weitere wesentliche Aspekte in der Automatisierungstechnik sind der Determinismus und die Echtzeitfahigkeit des gesamten Feldbussystems. Moderne Funktechnologien bieten auch in diesem Punkt Realisierungsmoglichkeiten, die diesen Anforderungen genugen.

Echtzeitaspekte beim Einsatz von Funktechnologien im Feldbusbereich

The internet of things (IoT) requires an efficient management of all devices. Operation in potentially insecure environments, limited processing capability of the IoT devices and unreliable connectivity create the need of suitable Device Management (DM) solutions. But with the IoT being complex and diverse, the criteria for finding the right DM solution differ depending on the application-specific requirements of the given IoT system. In this paper, we develop a rating system for IoT DM solutions, which can be easily adapted. The criteria are represented with the FCAPS and the life cycle management models. Additionally, we conduct an evaluation of open source IoT platforms in contrast to commercial solutions.

IoT Device Management Based on Open Source Platforms - Requirements Analysis and Evaluation

The manufacturing domain is exposed to a continu-ous change of the requirements towards the IT infrastructure and the flexibility in Industry 4.0. In order to achieve a highly reliable production system, predictive maintenance and additive sensing have been implemented and will be complemented by further applications such as Augmented Reality. As the applications may be required ad-hoc at any time, the dynamic resource utilization of networking and computational resources needs to be managed. In the long-term, the planning of the infrastructure affects the available resources and thus the efficiency and reliability of the short-term resource management. This paper suggests an architecture that combines short- and long-term aspects of the resource utilization and previews how the infrastructure and opportunity costs can be optimized by the joint approach.

An Architecture Concept for Short- and Long-term Resource Planning in the Industry 4.0 Environment

The Internet represents a cost-effective solution to realize the communications for Cyber-physical Systems (CPSs) that span large geographical areas. However, the reliability of today's Internet is inadequate to support, for example, smart grid applications with reliability requirements of 99–99.9999%. Therefore, the Reliable Multipath Communication for Internet-based CPSs (RC4CPS) approach was proposed. Unlike previous works, it supports such demanding applications. Nevertheless, it still lacks a protocol implementation to utilize it. Existing multipath protocols for the Internet such as Multipath TCP cannot be utilized directly for such applications. This is due to a number of reasons including the throughput-oriented nature of the protocols. In this paper, RC4CPS is integrated into the Parallel Redundancy Protocol for IP Networks (iPRP) to develop an easy-to-deploy reliability-oriented multipath protocol for Internet-based CPSs. The resulting protocol, called iPRP-RC4CPS, extends the original iPRP implementation to be used in the Internet and provides a dynamic multipath selection to cope with the varying nature of Internet paths. The obtained results show that iPRP-RC4CPS maintained 100% reliability during the evaluation interval.

Jurgen Jasperneite

Papers

Modulare Ethernet-Switch Architektur mit G.Links und ohne Adressierung der Schnittstellenmodule

Echtzeitaspekte beim Einsatz von Funktechnologien im Feldbusbereich

IoT Device Management Based on Open Source Platforms - Requirements Analysis and Evaluation

An Architecture Concept for Short- and Long-term Resource Planning in the Industry 4.0 Environment

Reliability-oriented multipath communication for internet-based cyber-physical systems