Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical system (CPS) concepts in industrial application scenarios, industrial automation is undergoing a tremendous change. This is made possible in part by recent advances in technology that allow interconnection on a wider and more fine-grained scale. The purpose of this article is to review technological trends and the impact they may have on industrial communication. We will review the impact of IoT and CPSs on industrial automation from an industry 4.0 perspective, give a survey of the current state of work on Ethernet time-sensitive networking (TSN), and shed light on the role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom networks in automation. Moreover, we will point out the need for harmonization beyond networking.

The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.

Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in data-based techniques focused on modern industrial applications. As one of the hottest research topics for complicated processes, the data-based techniques have been rapidly developed over the past two decades and widely used in numerous industrial sectors nowadays. The core of data-based techniques is to take full advantage of the huge amounts of available process data, aiming to acquire the useful information within. Compared with the well-developed model-based approaches, data-based techniques provide efficient alternative solutions for different industrial issues under various operating conditions. The main objective of this paper is to review and summarize the recent achievements in data-based techniques, especially for complicated industrial applications, thus providing a referee for further study on the related topics both from academic and practical points of view. This paper begins with a brief evolutionary overview of data-based techniques in the last two decades. Then, the methodologies only based on process measurements and the model-data integrated techniques will be further introduced. The recent developments for modern industrial applications are, respectively, presented mainly from perspectives of monitoring and control. The new trends of data-based technique as well as potential application fields are finally discussed.

Data-Based Techniques Focused on Modern Industry: An Overview

In this paper we discuss a selection of promising and interesting research areas in the design of protocols and systems for wireless industrial communications. We have selected topics that have either emerged as hot topics in the industrial communications community in the last few years (like wireless sensor networks), or which could be worthwhile research topics in the next few years (for example cooperative diversity techniques for error control, cognitive radio/opportunistic spectrum access for mitigation of external interferences).

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Recent and Emerging Topics in Wireless Industrial Communications: A Selection

Zur Erhohung der Wirtschaftlichkeit und Nachhaltigkeit bei der Produktion von kleinen Losgrosen (Produktionsmargen) ist die Steigerung der Wiederverwertbarkeit von Produktionsmitteln erforderlich. Aus dieser Situation entsteht das Streben nach mehr Modularitat und dynamischen Fertigungsstrukturen gegenuber heutigen starr verketteten Produktionslinien. Damit muss auch der Materialtransport dynamischer und kleinteiliger werden. Dieser Anforderung kann z. B. mit autonomen Transportsystemen begegnet werden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Maschinensicherheit bzw. funktionale Sicherheit im Zusammenhang mit flexiblen Transportsystemen betrachtet. Im Fokus steht die Absicherung, dass fur sich „eigensichere“ Maschinen, Produkte und Transportsysteme auch in Kombination sicher betrieben werden konnen. Als Losung wurde ein Echtzeit-Safety-Management-Service vorgeschlagen und untersucht. Dieser ermoglicht eine kontinuierliche Sicherstellung der Maschinensicherheit durch eine (teil-)automatisierte Risikobeurteilung und eine Anpassung der Safety Masnahmen.

Funktionale Sicherheit von autonomen Transportsystemen in flexiblen I4.0 Fertigungsumgebungen

Um die Vergabe von ersten und zweiten Adressen an Teilnehmer
(A .. F, 1, 2) eines Kommunikationsnetz mit zumindest einer
Kopplungseinrichtung (2), an dessen Ports Endteilnehmer (A ..
F) angeschlossen sind, auf einfache Weise zu ermoglichen,
wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen, bei welchem eine Zuordnung
von vorbestimmten ersten Adressen zur Kopplungseinrichtung
(2) und zu ihren Ports abgelegt wird, wobei zuerst von der
Kopplungseinrichtung (2) die zweiten Adressen von an ihren
Ports angeschlossenen Endteilnehmern (A .. F) erfast wird,
und danach die in der abgelegten Zuordnung vorbestimmten
jeweiligen ersten Adressen an die durch die zweiten Adressen
festgelegten Endteilnehmer ( A .. F) gesendet werden, welche
an den zugeordneten Ports angeschlossen sind.

Verfahren zur Vergabe von IP-Adressen in Kommunikationsnetzen

Multipath (MP) communication is widely used to improve the reliability of communication networks in different domains. With this regard, we have also proposed MP communication to improve communication reliability for cyber-physical systems (CPSs) when using the Internet [1]. More specifically, we proposed using different end-to-end (e2e) paths that use different pairs of Internet service providers (ISPs) to achieve MP communication. In this paper, we evaluated MP protocols proposed in the transport layer and above of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. This evaluation is based on a number of requirements drawn from our previous work in order to a achieve highly reliable MP communication. We also considered the technical requirements set by the Internet. Our results indicate that almost all evaluated MP protocols are throughput-oriented and were mostly proposed for local or private networks. We conclude the paper by highlighting a MP protocol candidate that fulfills most of the stated requirements. This candidate will be considered in future work to provide a reliable MP communication solution for Internet-based CPSs.

Evaluation of multipath communication protocols for reliable internet-based cyber-physical systems

Das Projekt SEC_PRO verfolgte die Moglichkeit der Erarbeitung einer neuartigen IT-Sicherheitslosung fur Automatisierungssysteme. Die Ermittlung des Stands der Technik zeigte, dass die IT-Sicherheit in der Automatisierungstechnik von Losungen der Standard-IT in Buronetzwerken gepragt ist, ohne auf spezielle Anforderungen der Automatisierungstechnik einzugehen. Eine Anforderungsanalyse erbrachte, dass IT-Sicherheitslosungen benotigt werden, die sich mit dem zunehmenden Vernetzungsgrad von Automatisierungssystemen in Einklang bringen lassen. Dazu ist eine IT-Sicherheitsschicht fur das PROFINET-Protokoll konzipiert und implementiert worden, die einen integrierten Schutz der Kommunikation und der Komponenten selbst ermoglicht. Dabei kommen gezielt Security Token Technologien zum Einsatz. Eine Evaluierung der kryptografischen Funktionen zeigte, dass deren Verwendung unter gewissen Voraussetzungen moglich ist. Mit Hilfe eines Demonstrators ist konnte die Echtzeitfahigkeit der IT-Sicherheitsschicht validiert und dessen Schutzwirkung nachgewiesen werden. SEC_PRO kann als Ausgangspunkt fur weitere Vorhaben bezuglich integrierter IT-Sicherheitsmasnahmen gesehen werden, die auf eine Anwendung der Kryptografie in der Automatisierungstechnik abzielen.

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Jurgen Jasperneite

Papers

Funktionale Sicherheit von autonomen Transportsystemen in flexiblen I4.0 Fertigungsumgebungen

Verfahren zur Vergabe von IP-Adressen in Kommunikationsnetzen

Evaluation of multipath communication protocols for reliable internet-based cyber-physical systems

SEC_PRO : sichere Produktion mit verteilten Automatisierungssystemen

Bus interface for application modules of home-system technique