Towards a better understanding of medicinal uses of the brown seaweed Sargassum in Traditional Chinese Medicine: a phytochemical and pharmacological review.

Due to increase population, advanced agricultural practices, industrialization, manmade activity, water is being highly polluted with different contaminants Water is a vital resource for human survival The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life It is necessary to know details about different physico-chemical parameters such as colour, temperature, Total hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride, DO, BOD, COD, alkalinity used for testing of water

https://www.chemijournal.com/vol3Issue4/pdf/3-3-8.1.pdf

Physico-chemical parameters for testing of water- A review

Given both the ongoing expansion of world population and development of climate change conditions, it is increasingly imperative to develop and deploy sustainable biomass production methods to allow establishment of a flourishing and sustainable bioeconomy. Green technologies, including biofuels and bioproducts, are among the most effective strategies for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, while meeting humanity's energy requirements. Biomass now provides a measure of energy to many countries, however supporting technologies are not widely accepted, largely because of low returns for biomass producers. This paper provides an overview of world biomass production and utilization. It also indicates potential approaches for enhancing biomass production: agronomic practices, associated microorganisms, genome editing, selection of optimal technologies, best combination approaches for feeding global human and animal populations, while, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions and replacing demand for fossil energy with bioenergy. A more novel concept is proposed, microbe-to-plant signal compounds, as the potential approach to address the challenges we are facing. These compounds (e.g., lipo-chitooligosaccharide and thuricin 17) have been shown to increase growth for diverse plant species, particularly when they are growing under stressful conditions, however, their commercial development/utilization is far from complete. This review paper will expand the understanding of using the signal interaction between crop and beneficial microorganisms not only to enhance plant growth but also promote agricultural sustainability and a stronger bioeconomy.

Biomass for a sustainable bioeconomy: An overview of world biomass production and utilization

Abstract Biofuels are the promising alternative to exhaustible, environmentally unsafe fossil fuels. Algal biomass is attractive raw for biofuel production. Its cultivation does not compete for cropland with agricultural growing of food crop for biofuel and does not require complex treatment methods in comparison with lignocellulose-enriched biomass. Many microalgae are mixotrophs, so they can be used as energy source and as sewage purifier simultaneously. One of the main steps for algal biofuel fabrication is the cultivation of biomass. Photobioreactors and open-air systems are used for this purpose. The formers allow the careful cultivation control, but the latter ones are cheaper and simpler. Biomass conversion processes may be divided to the thermochemical, chemical, biochemical methods and direct combustion. For biodiesel production, triglyceride-enriched biomass undergoes transetherification. For bioalcohol production, biomass is subjected to fermentation. There are three methods of biohydrogen production in the microalgal cells: direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, fermentation.

Review: Biofuel production from plant and algal biomass

In both natural sunlight and in the dark Fucus vesiculosus L. gives no consistent or appreciable accumulation of dissolved organic matter in a closed system. On the addition of a bacteriostatic concentration of Thiomersal or the use of autoclaved sea water there was an accumulation of organic matter but the limitations of a closed system were not entirely overcome. An open system with 2 to 3 dilutions/h of fresh membrane-filtered (0.45 μ) sea water gave consistent and appreciable quantities of extracellular organic carbon which ranged from 4.4 mg C100g/h for Chondrus crispus Stackh. to 54.2 mg C100g/h for fruiting Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. Exudation in Fucus, which was coupled directly to photosynthesis, increased with solar radiation and was absent in the dark but unlike Fucus, Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. and Laminaria agardhii Kjellm. gave exudation in the dark. Reducing the salinity of the sea water caused an apparent reduction in the rate of exudation of organic matter by Fucus vesiculosus. 
 
Exudation also occurred in littoral algae on emersion during low tide. Desiccation caused a 68–89 % loss of moisture in surface fronds of Fucus vesiculosus and there was an organic carbon loss upon re-immersion in sea water of from 52–380 mg C100g. Complete clumps of algae on exposed rocks lost some 39 mg C100g. A light natural rainfall was more effective than artificial rain water in extraction and gave rates of exudation ranging from 7.5 and 46.4 mg C100g/mm of rain for Chondrus crispus and Fucus vesiculosus, respectively. Freezing at −15°C had little more effect than emersion, but algae held at −30°C for 4 h lost approximately 3 % of their organic matter upon thawing in sea water. 
 
Colorimetric assays were used to determine the nature of the exudates. Carbohydrate material appears to be most abundant followed by equal amounts of nitrogenous and polyphenolic material. Nitrogenous materials were exuded in greater concentrations during conditions which appeared injurious to the plants, including excessive desiccation, heavy rain, and extremely low temperature. 
 
A carbon balance for Fucus vesiculosus during spring conditions indicates that of the 1098 mg C100g fixed during the 6 h daily illuminated immersion period respiration accounts for some 276 mg C100g while exudation accounts for a total of 337 mg C100g during a 24 h period. This suggests that approximately 30 % of the total carbon or 40 % of the net carbon fixed daily is exuded by this plant. Since beds of Fucus can exceed 1000 g C/m2 and fix at least 16.5 g C/m2/day, extracellular organic matter production from such beds may be equivalent to 5–7 g C/m2/day.

Studies on algal substances in the sea : III. The production of extracellular organic matter by littoral marine algae. J.exp

A review on bioenergy and bioactive compounds from microalgae and macroalgae-sustainable energy perspective

Phycobiliproteins from red seaweeds are pigment–protein complexes constituting three different pigments such as phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin. The present investigation is focused on phycobiliproteins in red seaweed Gracilaria crassa collected from Pudumadam coast, Rameswaram. Three different solvents such as phosphate buffer, distilled water and seawater were used for extraction of pigments and quantity and purity were compared. Among the three different solvents, distilled water showed better results for phycoerythrin extraction; seawater proved to be a good solvent as well as preservative for all phycobiliproteins. The purity index (PI) was 3.79 for R-phycoerythrin (R-PE), purified by DEAE (Diethylaminoethyl) cellulose 52. The stability of phycobiliproteins was assessed using different preservatives. NaCl at 5% proved to be suitable for long-term preservation of phycoerythrin.

Methods of phycobiliprotein extraction from Gracilaria crassa and its applications in food colourants

Review on Bioactive Potential in Seaweeds (Marine Macroalgae): A Special Emphasis on Bioactivity of Seaweeds Against Plant Pathogens

Fucoidan in some Indian brown seaweeds found along the coast Gulf of Mannar.

Seaweeds are marine macroalgae found abundantly and viewed as potential source of phycocolloids to produce biofuel. In this study, seaweed spent biomass obtained from alginate production industry and biomass obtained after pigment extraction were found to contain a considerable amount of phycocolloids. These two spent biomasses were investigated for the production of ethanol. In this study, the red seaweed spent biomass of Gracilaria corticata var corticata showed higher content of polysaccharide (190.71 ± 30.67 mg g−1 dry weight) than brown seaweed spent biomass (industrial) (136.28 ± 30.09 mg g−1 dry weight). Hydrolysis of spent biomasses with different concentrations of sulfuric acid (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) was also investigated. Brown seaweed spent biomass and red seaweed spent biomass exhibited high amount of sugar in 0.5% and 1% sulfuric acid treatment, respectively. Proximate and ultimate composition of seaweed spent biomasses were analysed for energy value. The FT-Raman spectra exhibited similar stretches for both acid hydrolysed spent biomasses with their respective standards. Ethanol produced through a fermentation process using spent hydrolysates with baker's yeast at pH 5.3 was found to be significant. The ethanol yield from brown seaweed spent biomass and red seaweed spent biomass was observed to be 0.011 g g−1 and 0.02 ± 0.003 g g−1 respectively, when compared with YPD (0.42 ± 0.03 g g−1) and d -galactose (0.37 ± 0.04 g g−1) as standard on day 4. The present study revealed the possibility of effective utilization of spent biomass from seaweed industry for ethanol production.

K. Arunkumar

Papers

A review on bioenergy and bioactive compounds from microalgae and macroalgae-sustainable energy perspective

Methods of phycobiliprotein extraction from Gracilaria crassa and its applications in food colourants

Review on Bioactive Potential in Seaweeds (Marine Macroalgae): A Special Emphasis on Bioactivity of Seaweeds Against Plant Pathogens

Fucoidan in some Indian brown seaweeds found along the coast Gulf of Mannar.

Characterization, pretreatment and saccharification of spent seaweed biomass for bioethanol production using baker's yeast