ЦИФРОВАЯ ЗРЕЛОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ: МЕТОДЫ ОЦЕНКИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В статье раскрыто содержание процесса цифровой трансформации. В качестве ключевых задач выделены изменение организационной культуры, преобразование бизнес-моделей и продуктов, обеспечение роста гибкости предприятия. Приведены количественные оценки возможностей цифровизации, отмечена неравномерность цифрового развития в различных отраслях экономики. В качестве основы для разработки стратегии и программы цифровой трансформации предложено использовать оценку цифровой зрелости предприятия. Проведен сравнительный анализ восьми моделей ее оценки, по результатам которого выделены пять укрупненных оценочных направлений: стратегия и бизнес-модель, потребители, организационная культура и персонал, операционные процессы и информационные технологии. Сформулированы правила проведения оценки. Подчеркнуты роль стратегии цифровой трансформации в осуществлении преобразований, ее связь с уровнем цифровой зрелости предприятия. С одной стороны, текущий уровень цифровой зрелости необходимо учитывать при выборе стратегии, с другой, именно стратегия задает фокус преобразований и определяет целевой уровень цифровой зрелости предприятия. Предложена концептуальная схема управления цифровой зрелостью предприятия, в основе которой лежит преодоление разрыва между текущим и целевым уровнями зрелости. Определено понятие дорожной карты цифровой трансформации как упорядоченной во времени совокупности проектов по реализации технологических и нетехнологических инноваций, обеспечивающих достижение стратегических целей предприятия на основе роста его цифровой зрелости. Проведен анализ готовности российских предприятий к работе в условиях цифровой экономики в разрезе выделенных укрупненных измерений цифровой зрелости. Показано, что основными препятствиями для цифровой трансформации являются отсутствие необходимой организационной культуры, недостаточные компетенции и квалификация персонала, отсутствие стратегии цифровой трансформации и неравномерность уровня развития информационных технологий как в межотраслевом разрезе, так и внутри отдельных отраслей. Отмечена актуальность перехода на гибкие технологии управления (Agile-технологии) и применения техники «пилотных» проектов. Ключевые слова: предприятие, цифровая трансформация, цифровая зрелость, модель оценки, стратегия и дорожная карта цифровых преобразований, бизнес-модель, организационная культура, гибкие технологии управления.

Digital maturity of the enterprise: methods of assessment and management

Entrepreneurship is a new field of research in Russian higher education. This chapter discusses the emergence of entrepreneurial education in Russian universities by examining their key documents and relevant curricula. Findings indicate that only a few modern Russian universities develop entrepreneurial programmes that contribute to the income of the less funded from research organisations. These programmes are mainly student-paid graduate programmes aimed at providing students with hard skills. The study also addresses factors that influence students’ entrepreneurial intention following the theory of planned behaviour. Beyond attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, a new contextual variable of entrepreneurial environment and education significantly impacts intention. This result along with subjective norm influence implies that prospective graduate entrepreneurs in Russia are motivated to venture to contribute to their society. Finally, this study provides recommendations on how Russian universities could empower entrepreneurial education to undertake a substantial role in regional entrepreneurial ecosystem development.

Entrepreneurial Education in Russian Universities: Achievements, Reflections and Milestones

The authors searched for ways of increasing a region’s reproductive potential and enhancing its involvement in inter-regional and international division of labor. The study is based on simultaneous examination of a region as functional and structural subsystems of national economy by methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The paper presents theoretical assumptions and methodological foundations of research into the reproductive potential in the framework of regional economic management regarding resource, dynamic and resulting components. The authors developed a conceptual approach to study of the reproductive potential including three inter-related groups of potentials: resources, factors and results of economic development, which allows one to consider the complex of in-line, torque and dynamic parameters and to carry out assessment by means of a graphical model. The authors proposed an expanded view of an aggregate potential: a latent potential (implicit and unmeasured potential value); an actual potential (power and size of economic system); a forecasted potential (reserves and unused opportunities). The authors identified features of the reproductive potential (consistency, controllability, built-up capacity, variability of sizes and borders), which allow defining it as a major subsystem of regional regulation. The authors described features of the region’s reproductive potential: its specific structure, dual focus of operation, a significant role of import and export. Keywords—regional economics, region’s reproductive potential, structure of reproductive potential

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Methodological approaches to study of region's reproductive potential

The methodological base of the research includes the theoretical foundations of cluster structure, structural integration of ecosystems, the network method of their coordination, platform interaction, global reporting initiative (GRI), international and domestic regulations in the field of sustainable development, scientific publications of Russian and foreign authors. The article proposes clarifications of individual formulations in the definition of ecosystems and conducts their classification: bionomic, industrial ecosystem, business ecosystem, business, innovative ecosystem. The evolution of the definition of “ecosystem” is investigated, in which its qualitatively new stage in the global concept of sustainable development is revealed. The formulation of the ecosystem of sustainable development as the intellectual coordination core of the innovation ecosystem is derived. The concepts of capital components of the new economic formation of “accessism” are introduced. The risks and threats of economic, legal, and state security in the formation of the access economy are investigated. A model of integration of components has been developed: economic, social, environmental, infrastructural elements and directions. The directions of creating new organizational forms of interaction in the ecosystem with the participation of state technology (Gostech) are proposed. Recommendations are given to counter threats and risks caused by ecosystem changes in the structure of socio-economic relations that have historical significance.

Ecosystem Changes in the Structure of Socio-Economic Relations

The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of small business in the northern raw material regions in the context of a decrease in hydrocarbon production and a decrease in the role of large business in the economic development of the territory. It is determined that modern studies of small business at the regional level mainly consider the mechanisms of development of small business, the sphere of interaction between small and large business, the state of the institutional environment. But they do not take into account the peculiarities of specific territories and the life cycle of the extraction of raw materials. The article analyzes trends in the development of small business in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra and identifies factors that have a significant impact on it. It is noted that the indicators of the development of small business in the region had predominantly positive dynamics for 2011-2019, namely, the number of small businesses increased, the number of people employed in this sector and the turnover of small businesses increased. It is determined that the activities of small businesses have become more efficient. It was revealed that macroeconomic crises had an impact on the development of this sector of the economy, which was manifested by a decrease in its activity in the pre-crisis periods. Based on the analysis of the sociological study results, it was determined that the population of the region has a positive attitude to the entrepreneurship. This made it possible to conclude that there is a potential for the development of this sector in the regional economy. It is proposed to consider small business as a factor of stability and reduction of unfavorable socio-economic consequences in the context of a high dependence of the resource-extracting region economy on the conjuncture of world prices for energy resources.

http://journal.omeco.ru/ru/archive/doc/2020_04/132-142.pdf

Features of entrepreneurship development during the recession in the northern raw material regions

The article deals with the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian regions. Firstly, the state of both Russian entrepreneurship, in general, and small and medium-sized business in particular is not satisfactory. Secondly, the measures implemented by the state in the field of entrepreneurship development are not sufficiently effective. To the authorsâ€™ opinion, these two facts are due, among other things, to a lack of a holistic understanding of what constitutes an institution of entrepreneurship in a spatial context. The authors propose to consider the development of regional entrepreneurship using the system approach with the scope to the regional business system. Within the proposed authorsâ€™ approach, resources, economic agents and institutions are considered as the main elements of this system. The authors substantiate that there are institutional configurations, and not simple institutions, which determine the parameters of interaction between the elements of the regional enterprise system. These elements can contribute to the enterprise processes in the territory or block them. We assume that even a region with an essential resource of business potential is not able to realize it completely until it develops an effective institutional configuration of the regional business system. In order to investigate certain parameters of the institutional configuration of the regional business system, we propose a methodology for assessing the institutional loyalty of business entities and testing this technique on the example of eighty-four constituent entities of the Russian Federation. We have concluded that, in a large part of the Russian regions, a successful implementation of strategy for the development of small and medium-sized businesses will require the transformation of the regional enterprise system on the basis of reengineering. It involves a radical redesigning the entire system, ensuring the entrepreneurial processes in a territory. The authors prove that the basis for reengineering should be the institutional reconfiguration of the regional business system. The results of the research can be used to identify systemic problems that impede the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian regions and to develop more effective measures to address these problems.

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Региональная система предпринимательства: параметры развития и потенциал реконфигурации

The article discusses the theoretical issues of the formation of the administrative regulation mechanisms for business entities. The necessity of the further development of theoretical and methodological base and the application toolkit for the design of business environment is proved. This can stimulate the growth of business and investment activity in the Russian regions and municipalities. The authors identify two types of government structures influence on the business entities, differentiated by the nature of the targeting impact on the economic activity of business structures â€” the administrative pressure and administrative assistance. It is suggested that in practice, high cost implications for compliance with all regulation requirements as well as sanctions for the violation of these requirements create preconditions for the development of informal interaction between entrepreneurs and the representatives of regulatory bodies. Therefore, businessmen try to minimize the costs associated with the implementation of formal administrative requirements, rules and regulations by personal arrangements. A mathematical model for the assessment of the informal interaction between business entities and certain officials of control supervisory authorities is proposed. It allows to determine the range of benefits for economic entities from avoiding the implementation of administrative norms, requirements and rules. It is concluded that unreasonably high level of costs for the implementation of formal administrative requirements rules and regulations by business entities composes the economic basis for the reproduction of informal relations. This determines mutual benefits for a number of entrepreneurs and a part of bureaucracy from various schemes of informal interaction.

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Development of the Tools for the Assessment of the Influence of Administrative Regulation on the Business Efficiency in the Region

At present, the development of entrepreneurship is a priority task of social and economic development of Russia. The observed rates of socio-economic and innovative development of regions indicate that the private business initiative is not sufficiently developed. At the same time, the private business initiative is the leading driver of economic renewal of the territories. As practice shows, current measures, aimed at stimulating entrepreneurship, do not provide the growth of business activity and seem insufficient. These measures do not consider specific spatial context in which the business develops. Therefore, these reasons significantly reduce the effectiveness of these stimulating measures. In this regard, we estimate that the environment in which the elements of the system interact is gaining a great importance in the framework of a system approach to the study of the entrepreneurship development at the regional level. In practice, to manage the development of business structures in a spatial context, the ecosystem approach seems to be very promising. This approach takes into account the nature of the interactions of economic agents and their relationship with the environment. We highlight that the ecosystem approach to entrepreneurship is a transition from a traditional economic view of entrepreneurship, which is market-oriented to a new economic view that emphasizes people, networks and institutions. We substantiate that it is necessary to develop a methodological toolkit for monitoring the attractiveness of a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem for the generation and development of entrepreneurial processes. It is being an important element of the mechanism for designing and managing the development of business ecosystems. To determine the current state of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in a region, we have proposed a methodology for monitoring the state of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem. This method is based on a statistical analysis of the demographic quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the intensity of the development and extinction of entrepreneurial processes. As a result, we have expanded the concept of the ecosystem approach. Furthermore, we have justified its application for the investigation of entrepreneurial processes at the regional level. To study the current state of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems, we suggest to use a special statistical apparatus. This apparatus is based on demographic indicators characterizing the viability and growth potential of entrepreneurial structures in a specific spatial context. To further develop the ecosystem approach for the study of entrepreneurship at the regional level, there is an urgent need for further research that will allow to identify and understand the patterns of the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems. It will increase the effectiveness of practical measures for designing a mechanism for managing the development of regional entrepreneurship.

Methodological Tools to Measure the State of Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

The article discusses issues of a holistic approach to the study of entrepreneurship development at the regional level. The methodological basis of the study is the systematic approach and the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems based on it, which is used to study entrepreneurship at the regional level. A general approach to defining the structural organization of a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem is presented, which involves the identification of four types of mutually integrated subecosystems: business ecosystems, innovation ecosystems, knowledge ecosystems and enterprise support (promotion) ecosystems. It is determined that the parameters of the development of subecosystems, their combination effect on the creation, discovery and use of entrepreneurial opportunities in the local spatial environment determine the productivity of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem. It is justified that the proposed structuring gives a clearer view from the point of view of forming and setting up an enterprise productivity management system The approach presented in the article provides an understanding of the general logic of the functioning of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem, which, in turn, allows the development and implementation of management tools that provide new opportunities for increasing the productivity of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem

Shaping the performance management of regional business ecosystems

Nowadays, entrepreneurship should be analysed from the perspective of interconnectedness and mutual influence of elements of regional economic systems, since the type and intensity of their interaction determine the emergence of windows of opportunity for entrepreneurs. Thus, the present study uses an ecosystem approach. We hypothesise that the spatial configuration of the performance of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems (REES) largely depends on the interaction between local entrepreneurial ecosystems, as well as on the cumulative impact of REES on local entrepreneurial ecosystems. Using the methodology of spatial and hierarchical analysis, the study investigates the dependence of the development of local entrepreneurial ecosystems on their embeddedness in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems, assesses the spatial connectivity of REES, and considers relationships between small and large businesses in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems. The global Moran’s I and the Getis-Ord statistics for regional entrepreneurial ecosystems used to assess their spatial connectivity were calculated based on the analysis of data concerning the shipping volume of large and medium enterprises from 2315 municipalities of 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the level of local entrepreneurial ecosystems, the study revealed the link between the variation in the values of the shipping volume of business entities and their belonging to specific regional entrepreneurial ecosystems (constituent entities of the Russian Federation). In addition, a positive relationship was found between the shipping volume of large and medium enterprises operating in local entrepreneurial ecosystems, the shipping volume of goods produced by small enterprises and the average revenue of individual entrepreneurs. Considering the identified factors of spatial determination of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems and the closeness of interregional and intermunicipal ties of local entrepreneurial ecosystems, it is possible to generalise the best practices of spatial organisation of regional business communities and create effective development models.

K.E. Grishin

Papers

Региональная система предпринимательства: параметры развития и потенциал реконфигурации

Development of the Tools for the Assessment of the Influence of Administrative Regulation on the Business Efficiency in the Region

Methodological Tools to Measure the State of Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

Shaping the performance management of regional business ecosystems

Configuration of Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystems through the Prism of Spatial and Hierarchical Analysis