ЦИФРОВАЯ ЗРЕЛОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ: МЕТОДЫ ОЦЕНКИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В статье раскрыто содержание процесса цифровой трансформации. В качестве ключевых задач выделены изменение организационной культуры, преобразование бизнес-моделей и продуктов, обеспечение роста гибкости предприятия. Приведены количественные оценки возможностей цифровизации, отмечена неравномерность цифрового развития в различных отраслях экономики. В качестве основы для разработки стратегии и программы цифровой трансформации предложено использовать оценку цифровой зрелости предприятия. Проведен сравнительный анализ восьми моделей ее оценки, по результатам которого выделены пять укрупненных оценочных направлений: стратегия и бизнес-модель, потребители, организационная культура и персонал, операционные процессы и информационные технологии. Сформулированы правила проведения оценки. Подчеркнуты роль стратегии цифровой трансформации в осуществлении преобразований, ее связь с уровнем цифровой зрелости предприятия. С одной стороны, текущий уровень цифровой зрелости необходимо учитывать при выборе стратегии, с другой, именно стратегия задает фокус преобразований и определяет целевой уровень цифровой зрелости предприятия. Предложена концептуальная схема управления цифровой зрелостью предприятия, в основе которой лежит преодоление разрыва между текущим и целевым уровнями зрелости. Определено понятие дорожной карты цифровой трансформации как упорядоченной во времени совокупности проектов по реализации технологических и нетехнологических инноваций, обеспечивающих достижение стратегических целей предприятия на основе роста его цифровой зрелости. Проведен анализ готовности российских предприятий к работе в условиях цифровой экономики в разрезе выделенных укрупненных измерений цифровой зрелости. Показано, что основными препятствиями для цифровой трансформации являются отсутствие необходимой организационной культуры, недостаточные компетенции и квалификация персонала, отсутствие стратегии цифровой трансформации и неравномерность уровня развития информационных технологий как в межотраслевом разрезе, так и внутри отдельных отраслей. Отмечена актуальность перехода на гибкие технологии управления (Agile-технологии) и применения техники «пилотных» проектов. Ключевые слова: предприятие, цифровая трансформация, цифровая зрелость, модель оценки, стратегия и дорожная карта цифровых преобразований, бизнес-модель, организационная культура, гибкие технологии управления.

Digital maturity of the enterprise: methods of assessment and management

Regional authorities implement national priorities in business policy according to the current local requirements in their regional development strategy. Unfortunately, their effort to support entrepreneurial spirit and innovations is not as effective as it could be; its tools and institutions are not as well used as they intended. The question arises: where does the problem lie, is it in the means of communication or in the entrepreneurial requirements at the regional level? The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate some of the missing points or the weaknesses of institutional communication. These conclusions are based on a regional study in the Moravian-Silesian Region, Czechia. The paper is based on a quantitative study using a questionnaire-based survey, including 164 respondents – owners of small and medium-sized companies in the Moravian-Silesian Region. It was found that the most important tools for local entrepreneurs were subsidies for job creation and consultancy. A matrix of problems to be solved on the regional level was presented to open wider discussion.

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“Be or Not To Be”: A Dilemma of Business Policy Support on a Regional Level

The authors of this paper hypothesize that one of the most significant features of regional competitiveness in the global economy is innovation development and that through innovation application, underdeveloped regions can reduce the gap between them and leading regions and can in turn surpass leading regions. The purpose of the article is to verify this hypothesis, to determine the role and significance of innovation development in the provision of regional competitiveness and to identify ways to increase the competitiveness of underdeveloped regions through innovation application. The methodological basis of the research is comprised of a specially developed proprietary methodology for the evaluation of regional competitiveness and a modified factor analysis methodology for the determination of factors of regional economic growth using the “economic miracle” case for various regions. Through this study, the authors validate the proposed hypothesis and conclude that innovation development critically shapes regional competitiveness by determining the quality of economic growth. The proposed model for increasing regional competitiveness on the basis of innovation development presents new opportunities to increase the competitiveness of underdeveloped regions through innovation application.

Regional Innovation Development as a Feature of Competitiveness in the XXI Century

Entrepreneurship is a new field of research in Russian higher education. This chapter discusses the emergence of entrepreneurial education in Russian universities by examining their key documents and relevant curricula. Findings indicate that only a few modern Russian universities develop entrepreneurial programmes that contribute to the income of the less funded from research organisations. These programmes are mainly student-paid graduate programmes aimed at providing students with hard skills. The study also addresses factors that influence students’ entrepreneurial intention following the theory of planned behaviour. Beyond attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control, a new contextual variable of entrepreneurial environment and education significantly impacts intention. This result along with subjective norm influence implies that prospective graduate entrepreneurs in Russia are motivated to venture to contribute to their society. Finally, this study provides recommendations on how Russian universities could empower entrepreneurial education to undertake a substantial role in regional entrepreneurial ecosystem development.

Entrepreneurial Education in Russian Universities: Achievements, Reflections and Milestones

The article deals with the institutional support of the regional business environment. Due to the constant growth of social obligations of the regional and municipal authorities causing the growth of the risks of imbalances in the budgets of the respective levels, the necessity of development in the regions of favorable business environment conducive to enhancing business activity is proved. Using the methodology of the institutional matrix business model, the process of development of the institutions of the business environment in the region is analyzed. The mechanism influencing the occurrence of the specific characteristics of the institutional configuration of the regional business environment is revealed. The conclusion of the determining role of the institutional configuration of the business environment in the existing differences in the levels of socio-economic development of regions is drawn. The hypothesis is made that the maintenance of a favorable institutional configuration of the regional business environment stimulating business activity in a territory cannot be indefinitely, and its development is cyclical. The modeling of parameters of development and maintains a favorable institutional configuration of the business environment in the Russian regions is made. For the purposes of the practical application of the proposed approach, the methodological tools, which allows regional authorities to calculate the profitability of a favorable institutional configuration of the business environment and on the basis to form the business rules ensuring the growth of business activity and increase the contribution of business to socio-economic development of the region are proposed. The approach considered in the article provides an opportunity to validate the theoretical â€” methodological basis for the development of practical design mechanism and maintenance of a favorable long-term future of the institutional configuration of the business environment promoting the growth of business activity in a region resistant to the adverse effects of the environment.

Potential for Development and Limitations of Regional Business Environment

The article deals with the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian regions. Firstly, the state of both Russian entrepreneurship, in general, and small and medium-sized business in particular is not satisfactory. Secondly, the measures implemented by the state in the field of entrepreneurship development are not sufficiently effective. To the authorsâ€™ opinion, these two facts are due, among other things, to a lack of a holistic understanding of what constitutes an institution of entrepreneurship in a spatial context. The authors propose to consider the development of regional entrepreneurship using the system approach with the scope to the regional business system. Within the proposed authorsâ€™ approach, resources, economic agents and institutions are considered as the main elements of this system. The authors substantiate that there are institutional configurations, and not simple institutions, which determine the parameters of interaction between the elements of the regional enterprise system. These elements can contribute to the enterprise processes in the territory or block them. We assume that even a region with an essential resource of business potential is not able to realize it completely until it develops an effective institutional configuration of the regional business system. In order to investigate certain parameters of the institutional configuration of the regional business system, we propose a methodology for assessing the institutional loyalty of business entities and testing this technique on the example of eighty-four constituent entities of the Russian Federation. We have concluded that, in a large part of the Russian regions, a successful implementation of strategy for the development of small and medium-sized businesses will require the transformation of the regional enterprise system on the basis of reengineering. It involves a radical redesigning the entire system, ensuring the entrepreneurial processes in a territory. The authors prove that the basis for reengineering should be the institutional reconfiguration of the regional business system. The results of the research can be used to identify systemic problems that impede the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian regions and to develop more effective measures to address these problems.

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Региональная система предпринимательства: параметры развития и потенциал реконфигурации

The article discusses the theoretical issues of the formation of the administrative regulation mechanisms for business entities. The necessity of the further development of theoretical and methodological base and the application toolkit for the design of business environment is proved. This can stimulate the growth of business and investment activity in the Russian regions and municipalities. The authors identify two types of government structures influence on the business entities, differentiated by the nature of the targeting impact on the economic activity of business structures â€” the administrative pressure and administrative assistance. It is suggested that in practice, high cost implications for compliance with all regulation requirements as well as sanctions for the violation of these requirements create preconditions for the development of informal interaction between entrepreneurs and the representatives of regulatory bodies. Therefore, businessmen try to minimize the costs associated with the implementation of formal administrative requirements, rules and regulations by personal arrangements. A mathematical model for the assessment of the informal interaction between business entities and certain officials of control supervisory authorities is proposed. It allows to determine the range of benefits for economic entities from avoiding the implementation of administrative norms, requirements and rules. It is concluded that unreasonably high level of costs for the implementation of formal administrative requirements rules and regulations by business entities composes the economic basis for the reproduction of informal relations. This determines mutual benefits for a number of entrepreneurs and a part of bureaucracy from various schemes of informal interaction.

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Development of the Tools for the Assessment of the Influence of Administrative Regulation on the Business Efficiency in the Region

At present, the development of entrepreneurship is a priority task of social and economic development of Russia. The observed rates of socio-economic and innovative development of regions indicate that the private business initiative is not sufficiently developed. At the same time, the private business initiative is the leading driver of economic renewal of the territories. As practice shows, current measures, aimed at stimulating entrepreneurship, do not provide the growth of business activity and seem insufficient. These measures do not consider specific spatial context in which the business develops. Therefore, these reasons significantly reduce the effectiveness of these stimulating measures. In this regard, we estimate that the environment in which the elements of the system interact is gaining a great importance in the framework of a system approach to the study of the entrepreneurship development at the regional level. In practice, to manage the development of business structures in a spatial context, the ecosystem approach seems to be very promising. This approach takes into account the nature of the interactions of economic agents and their relationship with the environment. We highlight that the ecosystem approach to entrepreneurship is a transition from a traditional economic view of entrepreneurship, which is market-oriented to a new economic view that emphasizes people, networks and institutions. We substantiate that it is necessary to develop a methodological toolkit for monitoring the attractiveness of a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem for the generation and development of entrepreneurial processes. It is being an important element of the mechanism for designing and managing the development of business ecosystems. To determine the current state of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in a region, we have proposed a methodology for monitoring the state of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem. This method is based on a statistical analysis of the demographic quantitative and qualitative indicators characterizing the intensity of the development and extinction of entrepreneurial processes. As a result, we have expanded the concept of the ecosystem approach. Furthermore, we have justified its application for the investigation of entrepreneurial processes at the regional level. To study the current state of regional entrepreneurial ecosystems, we suggest to use a special statistical apparatus. This apparatus is based on demographic indicators characterizing the viability and growth potential of entrepreneurial structures in a specific spatial context. To further develop the ecosystem approach for the study of entrepreneurship at the regional level, there is an urgent need for further research that will allow to identify and understand the patterns of the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems. It will increase the effectiveness of practical measures for designing a mechanism for managing the development of regional entrepreneurship.

Methodological Tools to Measure the State of Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

Under the conditions of traditional resources depletion, to ensure stable and sustainable economic development, the role of regional business is growing greatly as a prime investment and innovation factor and economic growth driver. To assess the positions of business structures, the indicators of production potential, innovation activity, welfare level of the regional population are used. Low economic activity of the Russian business is conditioned a lot by the fact that business structures came to be out of value added chain. The paper submitted offers the tools to assess business contribution to value added growth in a region, allowing to give recommendations on strategy of industrial and innovational development of a region. In the development course of governmental support measures and business regulation it is also feasible to assess business contribution in regional tax potential and revenue of regional budget. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s2p434

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Rustam Malikov

Papers

Региональная система предпринимательства: параметры развития и потенциал реконфигурации

Development of the Tools for the Assessment of the Influence of Administrative Regulation on the Business Efficiency in the Region

Methodological Tools to Measure the State of Regional Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

Potential for Development and Limitations of Regional Business Environment

Development of Assessment Tools for Economic Activity of Regional Business