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Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. By Christophe Caloz and Tatsuo Itoh.

* The only book describing applications of nonlinear fiber optics * Two new chapters on the latest developments: highly nonlinear fibers and quantum applications* Coverage of biomedical applications* Problems provided at the end of each chapterThe development of new highly nonlinear fibers - referred to as microstructured fibers, holey fibers and photonic crystal fibers - is the next generation technology for all-optical signal processing and biomedical applications. This new edition has been thoroughly updated to incorporate these key technology developments.The book presents sound coverage of the fundamentals of lightwave technology, along with material on pulse compression techniques and rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers and lasers. The extensively revised chapters include information on fiber-optic communication systems and the ultrafast signal processing techniques that make use of nonlinear phenomena in optical fibers.New material focuses on the applications of highly nonlinear fibers in areas ranging from wavelength laser tuning and nonlinear spectroscopy to biomedical imaging and frequency metrology. Technologies such as quantum cryptography, quantum computing, and quantum communications are also covered in a new chapter.This book will be an ideal reference for: RD scientists involved with research on fiber amplifiers and lasers; graduate students and researchers working in the fields of optical communications and quantum information. * The only book on how to develop nonlinear fiber optic applications* Two new chapters on the latest developments; Highly Nonlinear Fibers and Quantum Applications* Coverage of biomedical applications

Applications of nonlinear fiber optics

Real-time spectroscopy access to ultrafast fiber lasers opens new opportunities for exploring complex soliton interaction dynamics. Here, we have reported the first observation, to the best of our knowledge, of the entire buildup process of soliton molecules (SMs) in a mode-locked laser. We have observed that the birth dynamics of a stable SM experiences five different stages, i.e., the raised relaxation oscillation (RO) stage, beating dynamics stage, transient single pulse stage, transient bound state, and finally the stable bound state. We have discovered that the evolution of pulses in the raised RO stage follows a law that only the strongest one can ultimately survive and, meanwhile, the pulses periodically appear at the same temporal positions for all lasing spikes during the same RO stage (named as memory ability) but they lose such ability between different RO stages. Moreover, we have found that the buildup dynamics of SMs is quite sensitive to both the polarization state of intracavity light and the fluctuation of pump power. These results provide new perspectives into the ultrafast transient process in mode-locked lasers and the dynamics of complex nonlinear systems.

Real-Time Observation of the Buildup of Soliton Molecules.

A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

Supercontinuum generation, photonic crystal fiber

Real-time access to the internal ultrafast dynamics of complex dissipative optical systems opens new explorations of pulse-pulse interactions and dynamic patterns. We present the first direct experimental evidence of the internal motion of a dissipative optical soliton molecule generated in a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser. We map the internal motion of a soliton pair molecule by using a dispersive Fourier-transform imaging technique, revealing different categories of internal pulsations, including vibrationlike and phase drifting dynamics. Our experiments agree well with numerical predictions and bring insights to the analogy between self-organized states of lights and states of the matter.

Real-Time Observation of Internal Motion within Ultrafast Dissipative Optical Soliton Molecules.

Ultrashort optical pulses propagating in a dissipative nonlinear system can interact and bind stably, forming optical soliton molecules. Soliton molecules in ultrafast lasers are under intense research focus and present striking analogies with their matter molecules counterparts. The recent development of real-time spectral measurements allows probing the internal dynamics of an optical soliton molecule, mapping the dynamics of the pulses' relative separations and phases that constitute the relevant internal degrees of freedom of the molecule. The soliton-pair molecule, which consists of two strongly bound optical solitons, has been the most studied multi-soliton structure. We here demonstrate that two soliton-pair molecules can bind subsequently to form a stable molecular complex and highlight the important differences between the intra-molecular and inter-molecular bonds. The dynamics of the experimentally observed soliton molecular complexes are discussed with the help of fitting models and numerical simulations, showing the universality of these multi-soliton optical patterns.

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Optical soliton molecular complexes in a passively mode-locked fibre laser.

Mode-locked lasers are prone to exhibit a wide range of dynamics, many of them analyzed within the concept of dissipative solitons. However, ultrafast laser dynamics goes beyond the denomination of mode locking, for instance, with the possible emission of incoherent pulse bursts. Therefore, we propose to expand the notion of dissipative solitons to incoherent localized formations, which we illustrate experimentally by reporting original vector dynamics of incoherent dissipative solitons generated in an ultrafast fiber laser. The laser uses a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror and is operated in the anomalous dispersion regime. We provide a real-time spectral characterization of the vector dynamics, highlighting several salient features of the self-organization. Both polarization locking and polarization switching dynamics of the incoherent soliton are observed, generalizing previous observations made in the coherent case. We also demonstrate that transient spectro-temporal ordering takes place among the incoherent pulse, analogous to the coalescence of well-separated droplets in liquids. In the vicinity of polarization switching dynamics, we show that intermittent behaviors can be associated with the generation of vector rogue waves bearing common features with the soliton explosion effect.

Vector dynamics of incoherent dissipative optical solitons

We theoretically investigate the supercontinuum generation (SCG) on the basis of modulational instability (MI) in liquid-core photonic crystal fibers (LCPCF) with CS${}_{2}$-filled central core. The effect of saturable nonlinearity of LCPCF on SCG in the femtosecond regime is studied using an appropriately modified nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. We also compare the MI induced spectral broadening with SCG obtained by soliton fission. To analyze the quality of the pulse broadening, we study the coherence of the SC pulse numerically. It is evident from the numerical simulation that the response of the saturable nonlinearity suppresses the broadening of the pulse. We also observe that the MI induced SCG in the presence of saturable nonlinearity degrades the coherence of the SCG pulse when compared to unsaturated medium.

Modulational-instability-induced supercontinuum generation with saturable nonlinear response

Modulational instability (MI) in a twin-core optical fiber with the combined effect of saturation of nonlinearity (SNL) and coupling coefficient dispersion (CCD) is presented. The CCD does not dramatically modify the spectrum of the symmetric or antisymmetric continuous wave (CW) case, but the SNL on the other hand behaves in a perceptible manner such that the gain and the unstable region inherently decrease. In the anomalous dispersion region, the gain of the instability spectrum increases (decreases) monotonously with power (coupling coefficient). The effective nonlinearity and the power threshold for the sustained CW solution becomes a function of power for the SNL case. The so-called nonlinear factor behaves in a unique way such that there exist two powers for the same value of nonlinear factor. The interplay between CCD and SNL is emphasized, where any nonzero value of CCD leads to new instability bands and the saturation on the other hand suppresses the gain of the instability band. We identified a pair of power corresponding to the constant value of the nonlinear factor, where the system becomes invariant, such that the number of instability bands, the gain, and the range of the unstable region are all preserved. In the case of the normal dispersion case, the MI is achieved purely by means of the coupling coefficient. In both cases, a critical CCD is predicted, where the system evolves dramatically in a different manner.

K. Nithyanandan

Papers

Real-Time Observation of Internal Motion within Ultrafast Dissipative Optical Soliton Molecules.

Optical soliton molecular complexes in a passively mode-locked fibre laser.

Vector dynamics of incoherent dissipative optical solitons

Modulational-instability-induced supercontinuum generation with saturable nonlinear response

Modulational instability in a twin-core fiber with the effect of saturable nonlinear response and coupling coefficient dispersion