In this article an attempt has been made to solve load frequency control (LFC) problem in an interconnected power system network equipped with classical PI/PID controller using grey wolf optimization (GWO) technique. Initially, proposed algorithm is used for two-area interconnected non-reheat thermal-thermal power system and then the study is extended to three other realistic power systems, viz. (i) two-area multi-units hydro-thermal, (ii) two-area multi-sources power system having thermal, hydro and gas power plants and (iii) three-unequal-area all thermal power system for better validation of the effectiveness of proposed algorithm. The generation rate constraint (GRC) of the steam turbine is included in the system modeling and dynamic stability of aforesaid systems is investigated in the presence of GRC. The controller gains are optimized by using GWO algorithm employing integral time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) based fitness function. Performance of the proposed GWO algorithm has been compared with comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO), ensemble of mutation and crossover strategies and parameters in differential evolution (EPSDE) and other similar meta-heuristic optimization techniques available in literature for similar test system. Moreover, to demonstrate the robustness of proposed GWO algorithm, sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the operating loading conditions and system parameters in the range of ± 50 % . Simulation results show that GWO has better tuning capability than CLPSO, EPSDE and other similar population-based optimization techniques.

Load frequency control of interconnected power system using grey wolf optimization

A novel hybrid PSO-PS optimized fuzzy PI controller for AGC in multi area interconnected power systems

A hybrid firefly algorithm and pattern search technique for automatic generation control of multi area power systems

Power systems are the most complex systems that have been created by men in history To operate such systems in a stable mode, several control loops are needed Voltage frequency plays a vital role in power systems which need to be properly controlled To this end, primary and secondary frequency control loops are used to control the frequency of the voltage in power systems Secondary frequency control, which is called Load Frequency Control (LFC), is responsible for maintaining the frequency in a desirable level after a disturbance Likewise, the power exchanges between different control areas are controlled by LFC approaches In recent decades, many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in power systems This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey on the topic of LFC In this survey, the used LFC models for diverse configurations of power systems are firstly investigated and classified for both conventional and future smart power systems Furthermore, the proposed control strategies for LFC are studied and categorized into different control groups The paper concludes with highlighting the research gaps and presenting some new research directions in the field of LFC

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Fractional order PID controller for load frequency control

Variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling based load frequency controller for multi source multi area hydro thermal system

This article describes the load frequency control of a multi-area system. Each control area contains both a hydro and thermal power plant to form a multi-source multi-area hydro thermal system. The secondary proportional-integral controller has been tuned using Ziegler–Nichols, genetic algorithm, and fuzzy gain scheduling methods. On comparing the controller performance based on various performance indices, it is found that a fuzzy gain scheduling tuned proportional-integral controller is suitable for a multi-source multi-area hydro thermal system. Further improvement on the load frequency dynamics has been achieved by connecting superconducting magnetic energy storage unit in each control area and a static synchronous series compensator unit on a tie-line.

Load Frequency Control of Multi-source Multi-area Hydro Thermal System Using Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System Devices

Currently, the Internet consists of native IPv4 (IPv4-only), native IPv6, and IPv4/IPv6 dual networks. Unfortunately, IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible protocols. When both IP versions are available and the users of Internet want to connect without any restrictions, a transition mechanism is required. During the time of migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks, a number of transition mechanisms have been proposed by IETF to ensure smooth, stepwise and independent changeover. IPv4/IPv6 transition always occurs process in deploying IPv6-based services across the IPv4 Internet. The IETF Next Generation Transition Working Group (NGtrans) has proposed many transitions Mechanisms to enable the seamless integration of IPv6 facilities into current Networks. This Work Mainly Addresses The performance of the various tunneling transition mechanisms used in different networks. The effect of these mechanisms on the performance of end-to-end applications is explored using metrics such as transmission latency, throughput, CPU utilization and packet loss. The measured latency and throughput of the ipv6 to ipv4 mechanism are better than those of the configured tunnel and tunnel broker mechanisms the ipv6 to ipv4 mechanism must work much harder (greater overhead) for each packet sent, and it must therefore run at a higher CPU utilization of the edge router. Larger packets had higher loss rates, for all three tunneling mechanisms.

IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms

Oral cancer is a significant health problem throughout the world. It is very important to detect such types of cancer at an earlier stage than the later stage where the treatment becomes unsuccessful. Early detection helps surgeons to provide necessary therapeutic measures which also benefit the patients. In this paper, a technique is proposed to detect cancers present in mouth provided by an Orthopantomogram. A novel mathematical morphological watershed algorithm is proposed to preserve these edge details as well as prominent ones to identify tumors in dental radiographs. Applying watershed on images leads to oversegmentation even though it is preprocessed. To avoid this, Marker Controlled Watershed segmentation is used to segment tumors. The results obtained are quite good and were tested.

/pdf/detection-of-oral-tumor-based-on-marker-controlled-watershed-2sjurwc3kc.pdf

Detection of Oral Tumor based on Marker – Controlled Watershed Algorithm

The prominent advantages of Dual Material Surrounding Gate (DMSG) MOSFETs are higher speed, higher current drive, lower power consumption, enhanced short channel immunity and increased packing density, thus promising new opportunities for scaling and advanced design. In this Paper, we present Transconductance-to-drain current ratio and electric field distribution model for dual material surrounding gate (DMSGTs) MOSFETs. Transconductance-to-drain current ratio is a better criterion to access the performance of a device than the transconductance. This proposed model offers the basic designing guidance for dual material surrounding gate MOSFETs.

K. Sankaranarayanan

Papers

Variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling based load frequency controller for multi source multi area hydro thermal system

Load Frequency Control of Multi-source Multi-area Hydro Thermal System Using Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System Devices

IPv4/IPv6 Transition Mechanisms

Detection of Oral Tumor based on Marker – Controlled Watershed Algorithm

2D Transconductance to Drain Current Ratio Modeling of Dual Material Surrounding Gate Nanoscale SOI MOSFETs