The ubiquity of polymeric materials in daily life comes with an increased fire risk, and sustained research into efficient flame retardants is key to ensuring the safety of the populace and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus, a versatile and effective element for use in flame retardants, has the potential to supersede the halogenated variants that are still widely used today: current formulations employ a variety of modes of action and methods of implementation, as additives or as reactants, to solve the task of developing flame-retarding polymeric materials. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can act in both the gas and condensed phase during a fire. This Review investigates how current phosphorus chemistry helps in reducing the flammability of polymers, and addresses the future of sustainable, efficient, and safe phosphorus-based flame-retardants from renewable sources.

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Molecular Firefighting—How Modern Phosphorus Chemistry Can Help Solve the Challenge of Flame Retardancy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardant epoxy thermosets: Recent advances and future perspectives

Novel DOPO-based flame retardants in high-performance carbon fibre epoxy composites for aviation

Polymer/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites: An overview of fire retardance

An overview of some recent advances in DOPO-derivatives: Chemistry and flame retardant applications

The pyrolysis and fire behavior of halogen-free flame-retarded DGEBA/DMC, RTM6 and their corresponding 60 vol.-% carbon fibers (CF) composites were investigated. A novel phosphorous compound (DOPI) was used. Its action is dependent on the epoxy matrix. DGEBA/DMC and DOPI decompose independently of each other. Only flame inhibition occurs in the gas phase. RTM6 shows flame inhibition and a condensed phase interaction increasing charring. Both mechanisms decrease with increasing irradiance, whereas in RTM6-CF charring is suppressed at low ones. RTM6 + DOPI shows a higher LOI (34.2%) than DGEBA/ DMC + DOPI and a V-0 classification in UL 94. Adding CF only enhances the LOI, DOPI + CF leads to a superposition in LOI for DGEBA/DMC-CF + DOPI (31.8%, V-0) and a synergism for RTM6-CF + DOPI (47.7%, V-0).

A New Halogen‐Free Flame Retardant Based on 9,10‐Dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide for Epoxy Resins and their Carbon Fiber Composites for the Automotive and Aviation Industries

Kai Stöß

Papers

Novel DOPO-based flame retardants in high-performance carbon fibre epoxy composites for aviation

A New Halogen‐Free Flame Retardant Based on 9,10‐Dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide for Epoxy Resins and their Carbon Fiber Composites for the Automotive and Aviation Industries