Traditional physicochemical and biological techniques, as well as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), are often inadequate, ineffective, or expensive for industrial water reclamation. Within this context, the electrochemical technologies have found a niche where they can become dominant in the near future, especially for the abatement of biorefractory substances. In this critical review, some of the most promising electrochemical tools for the treatment of wastewater contaminated by organic pollutants are discussed in detail with the following goals: (1) to present the fundamental aspects of the selected processes; (2) to discuss the effect of both the main operating parameters and the reactor design on their performance; (3) to critically evaluate their advantages and disadvantages; and (4) to forecast the prospect of their utilization on an applicable scale by identifying the key points to be further investigated. The review is focused on the direct electrochemical oxidation, the indirect electrochemical oxidation mediated by electrogenerated active chlorine, and the coupling between anodic and cathodic processes. The last part of the review is devoted to the critical assessment of the reactors that can be used to put these technologies into practice.

Single and Coupled Electrochemical Processes and Reactors for the Abatement of Organic Water Pollutants: A Critical Review.

Research developments in environmental electrochemistry and their potential to contribute to a cleaner environment are reviewed here for wastewater treatment applications. Most environmental pollutants can be successfully eliminated or converted to non-toxic materials by one or more processes, including electrochemical oxidation, electrochemical reduction, electrocoagulation and electrocoagulation/flotation, electrodialysis, and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Specific examples of applications for pollutant removal and reclamation of wastewater are given for the different processes, along with research needs and improvements for commercial application of these electrochemical processes.

Electrochemical technologies for wastewater treatment and resource reclamation

Heterogeneous fenton-like catalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water with FeS

Complete dechlorination and mineralization of chlorophenols via the reduction-oxidation-mediated electro-Fenton process with a composite bulk cathode is first proposed. The in situ formation of a PdFe nanoalloy and carbon defects as key active sites is mutually induced during the formation of a carbon aerogel-based electrode. Specifically, the PdFe nanoalloy promotes the generation of [H]ads as reduction sites and improves the electron transfer via an electrical circuit, while the carbon defects selectively favor the 2e- oxygen reduction pathway. Notably, this work implies a novel electrocatalytic model for the formation of ·OH via (2 + 1)e- oxygen reduction by a consecutive reaction with carbon defects and a PdFe nanoalloy. Complete total organic carbon removal and dechlorination of 3-chlorophenol were performed after 6 h. The kinetic rate constant for removing haloacetamides (HAMs) in drinking water was 0.21-0.41 h-1, and the degradation efficiency was self-enhanced after electrolysis for 2 h because of the increased concentration of [H+]. The specific energy consumption was ∼0.55 W·h·g-1 at 100% removal of some HAMs, corresponding to a power consumption of 0.6-1.1 kW·h for complete dehalogenation per ton of drinking water in waterworks. Moreover, the PdFe alloy/CA exhibited extreme mechanical and electrochemical stability with limited iron (∼0.07 ppm) and palladium (0.02 ppm) leaching during the actual application.

In Situ-Formed PdFe Nanoalloy and Carbon Defects in Cathode for Synergic Reduction-Oxidation of Chlorinated Pollutants in Electro-Fenton Process.

Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions via reduction and absorption by green synthesized iron nanoparticles

Electrochemical reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using a palladium/nickel foam electrode

Enhanced catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by nanoscale zero valent iron with electrochemical technique using a palladium/nickel foam electrode

Background: Distal embolization (DE) is a common complication of endovascular treatment (EVT). We investigated the association of radiological thrombus characteristics and treatment details with DE. Methods: Patients with thin-slice (≤2.5 mm) baseline noncontrast computed tomography and computed tomography angiography from the ESCAPE-NA1 trial (Efficacy and Safety of Nerinetide for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke) were included. Thrombus annotation was performed manually on coregistered scans by experienced readers. We assessed thrombus location, distance from internal carotid artery terminus, length, perviousness, absolute attenuation, and hyperdense artery sign. In addition, we evaluated balloon guide catheter use during EVT, first-line EVT approach, the number of thrombectomy passes, and prior intravenous thrombolysis administration. DE was defined as the occurrence of emboli distal to the target artery or in new territories during EVT. The association between thrombus characteristics, treatment details, and DE was evaluated using descriptive statistics and multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression, resulting in adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% CI. Interaction between IVT and radiological thrombus characteristics was assessed by adding interaction terms in separate models. Results: In total, 496 out of 1105 (44.9%) ESCAPE-NA1 patients were included. DE was detected in 251 out of 496 patients (50.6%). Patients with DE had longer thrombi (median, 28.5 [interquartile range, 20.8–42.3] mm versus 24.4 [interquartile range, 17.1–32.4] mm; P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the other thrombus characteristics. Factors associated with DE were thrombus length (aOR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01–1.04]), balloon guide catheter use (aOR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.29–0.85]), and number of passes (aOR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.04–1.47]). In patients with hyperdense artery sign, IVT was associated with reduced odds of DE (aOR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.31–0.97]), P for interaction=0.04. Conclusions: DE was associated with longer thrombi, no balloon guide catheter use, and more EVT passes. IVT was associated with a reduced risk of DE in patients with hyperdense artery sign. These findings may support treatment decisions on IVT and EVT approaches.

Distal Embolization in Relation to Radiological Thrombus Characteristics, Treatment Details, and Functional Outcome


 Introduction:
 First-pass effect (FPE), i.e., achieving reperfusion with a single thrombectomy device pass, is associated with better clinical outcomes in patients with acute stroke. FPE is therefore increasingly being used as a marker of device and procedural efficacy. We evaluated the ability of thrombus-based radiomics models to predict FPE in patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and compare performance to experts and non-radiomics thrombus characteristics.
 
 
 Methods:
 Patients with thin-slice non-contrast CT and CT angiography from The Efficacy and Safety of Nerinetide for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke (ESCAPE-NA1) trial were included. Thrombi were manually segmented on all images. Data was randomly split into a derivation set that included a training and a validation subset and an independent test set. Radiomics features were extracted from the derivation data set. Three expert stroke physicians reviewed baseline imaging and clinical data for the test set. The machine learning (ML) models were compared to the three experts in predicting the primary outcome (FPE) in the test set using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC-ROC).
 
 
 Results:
 A total of 554 patients with available thin-slice images comprised of a derivation set (training subset [n=388, 70%]), validation subset [n=55, 10%]), and a test set (n=111, 20%). FPE was seen in 31.8% in the derivation set and 31.5 % in the test set. AUC of the best radiomics model was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.84), which was higher than the mean AUC of the three experts 0.60 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.71) (
 P
 =0.009). Specificity of radiomics was better than the mean specificity of the three experts, 46 of 76 (60%) vs. 35 of 76 (46.4%),
 P
 =0.004, whereas sensitivity was not significantly different between radiomics (28 of 35 [79%]) and experts (27 of 35 [77%]). Moreover, radiomics features performed better than non-radiomics features such as thrombus volume and permeability measurements in predicting FPE (
 P
 <0.05).
 
 
 Conclusion:
 A radiomics-based ML model of thrombus characteristics on non-contrast CT and CT angiography performs better than experts and non-radiomics image characteristics in predicting FPE in patients with acute stroke treated with EVT.


Abstract 39: Ability Of Radiomics Versus Humans In Predicting First-pass Effect After Endovascular Treatment In The Escape-na1 Trial

Corrigendum to “SVR-based weighted processing method for electrical imaging logging in oil-based mud” [Journal of Applied Geophysics 209 (2023) 104911]

Kairan Zhu

Papers

Electrochemical reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using a palladium/nickel foam electrode

Enhanced catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by nanoscale zero valent iron with electrochemical technique using a palladium/nickel foam electrode

Distal Embolization in Relation to Radiological Thrombus Characteristics, Treatment Details, and Functional Outcome

Abstract 39: Ability Of Radiomics Versus Humans In Predicting First-pass Effect After Endovascular Treatment In The Escape-na1 Trial

Corrigendum to “SVR-based weighted processing method for electrical imaging logging in oil-based mud” [Journal of Applied Geophysics 209 (2023) 104911]