Background Cold plasma is an emerging non-thermal disinfection and surface modification technology which is chemical free, and eco-friendly. Plasma treatment of water, termed as plasma activated water (PAW), creates an acidic environment which results in changes of the redox potential, conductivity and in the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). As a result, PAW has different chemical composition than water and can serve as an alternative method for microbial disinfection. Scope and approach This paper reviews the different plasma sources employed for PAW generation, its physico-chemical properties and potential areas of PAW applications. More specifically, the physical and chemical properties of PAW are outlined in relation to the acidity, conductivity, redox potential, and concentration of ROS, RNS in the treated water. All these effects are in microbial nature, so the applications of PAW for microbial disinfection are also summarized in this review. Finally, the role of PAW in improving the agricultural practices, for example, promoting seed germination and plant growth, is also presented. Key findings and conclusions PAW appears to have a synergistic effect on the disinfection of food while it can also promote seedling growth of seeds. The increase in the nitrate and nitrite ions in the PAW could be the main reason for the increase in plant growth. Soaking seeds in PAW not only serves as an anti-bacterial but also enhances the seed germination and plant growth. PAW could potentially be used to increase crop yield and to fight against the drought stress environmental conditions.

Plasma activated water (PAW): Chemistry, physico-chemical properties, applications in food and agriculture

Use of membrane technology for oil field and refinery produced water treatment—A review

Abstract The effects of gas composition on gliding arc (glidarc) electrical discharge reactors with pure water have been studied. The glidarc reactors utilized AC electrical discharges with two different electrode configurations. In one case a set of two stainless steel electrodes connected to a single power supply was placed in the gas phase over the liquid surface (power=250–300 W, maximum voltage=12 kV). The second experimental arrangement utilized a reactor with a set of three stainless steel electrodes supplied by two identical high-voltage transformers, where the electrodes were placed over the water surface or with the water sprayed directly in the plasma formed between the electrodes (power=500–600 W, maximum voltage=12 kV). The variation of pH and conductivity and the formation of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, nitrate, and hydrogen were measured. The effects of the type of gas, including pure oxygen, pure nitrogen, and dry air, were determined.

Formation of Reactive Species in Gliding Ark Discharge with Liquid Watet

Chemical analysis of reactive species and antimicrobial activity of water treated by nanosecond pulsed DBD air plasma

Adsorption properties and mechanism of barium (II) and strontium (II) removal from fracking wastewater using pecan shell based activated carbon.

Concentration of hydrogen peroxide generated by gliding arc discharge and inactivation of E. coli in water

New fouling prevention method using a plasma gliding arc for produced water treatment

The efficacy of gliding arc (GA) discharge for the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and water with a low pH was studied because H2O2 combined with low-pH environment is known as a strong oxidizer that can be used for the bacterial inactivation. The ability of the GA discharge to inactivate Escherichia coli in water was tested experimentally, and the inactivation was found to increase with the plasma treatment time and rate of water injection flow to the GA discharge system. The best result showed a 2-log reduction of the number of colony-forming units of E. coli from 104 to 102 at a water injection flow rate of 180 mL/min. Furthermore, pH in the plasma-treated water was decreased from 6.0 to 3.55 after 25

Kamau C. Wright

Papers

Concentration of hydrogen peroxide generated by gliding arc discharge and inactivation of E. coli in water

New fouling prevention method using a plasma gliding arc for produced water treatment

Effects of H2O2 and Low pH Produced by Gliding Arc Discharge on the Inactivation of Escherichia Coli in Water

Inactivation of bacteria by the application of spark plasma in produced water

Self-cleaning filtration with spark discharge in produced water