https://bic.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/Rossi_09_TMS%20safety%20review.pdf

Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research

http://www.tmslab.org/tms%20articles%20safety/017.pdf

Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996

We studied the effects of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on motor cortex excitability in humans. TMS at 0.1 Hz for 1 hour did not change cortical excitability. Stimulation at 0.9 Hz for 15 minutes (810 pulses), similar to the parameters used to induce long-term depression (LTD) in cortical slice preparations and in vivo animal studies, led to a mean decrease in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude of 19.5%. The decrease in cortical excitability lasted for at least 15 minutes after the end of the 0.9 Hz stimulation. The mechanism underlying this decrease in excitability may be similar to LTD. TMS-induced reduction of cortical excitability has potential clinical applications in diseases such as epilepsy and myoclonus. Spread of excitation, which may be a warning sign for seizures, occurred in one subject and was not accompanied by increased MEP amplitude, suggesting that spread of excitation and amplitude changes are different phenomena and also indicating the need for adequate monitoring even with stimulations at low frequencies.

Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(96)01219-6.pdf

Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used to investigate almost all areas of cognitive neuroscience. This article discusses the most important (and least understood) considerations regarding the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive neuroscience and outlines advances in the use of this technique for the replication and extension of findings from neuropsychology. We also take a more speculative look forward to the emerging development of strategies for combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with other brain imaging technologies and methods in the cognitive neurosciences.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience

Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers.

Spectrum of EEG abnormalities during clozapine treatment

Spectrum of EEG findings in Menkes disease

To investigate the neural processing of emotion in right and left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we monitored EEG during neutral and emotionally positive and negative auditory stimulation. Left TLE patients displayed increased right lateralization and a negative emotional stimulus rating bias, while right TLE patients did not. This EEG arousal and negative affect may reflect deactivated inhibition of the right hemisphere, symptomatically expressed as arousal and anxiety. Failure to increase lateralization to emotional stimuli in right TLE may reflect compromised emotional attention/arousal centers in the right hemisphere. Results support a two-dimensional theory of the neural processing of emotion.

Hemispheric specialization in emotion: attention, arousal, and EEG activation in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy.

Lafora-body disease is classified as progressive myoclonus epilepsy The disease is characterized by the triad of epilepsy, myoclonus, and progressive dementia Deposits called Lafora bodies are found in the central nervous system and other organs, including the liver and skin In this case history, the diagnosis of Lafora-body disease was confirmed by the finding of Lafora bodies in a skin biopsy The EEG in Lafora's disease has consistently been reported as abnormal As the patient deteriorates clinically, the EEG also deteriorates, as shown in our case study

Karen Reese

Papers

Safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal volunteers.

Spectrum of EEG abnormalities during clozapine treatment

Spectrum of EEG findings in Menkes disease

Hemispheric specialization in emotion: attention, arousal, and EEG activation in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy.

Progression of the EEG in Lafora-Body Disease