The infrared spectral performance of the N x O y species observed on oxide surfaces [N2O, NO−, NO, (NO)2, N2O3, NO+, NO2 − (different nitro and nitrito anions), NO2, N2O4, N2O5, NO2, and NO3 − (bridged, bidentate, and monodentate nitrates)] is considered. The spectra of related compounds (N2, H-, and C-containing nitrogen oxo species, C─N species, NH x species) are also briefly discussed. Some guidelines for spectral identification of N x O y adspecies are proposed and the transformation of the nitrogen oxo species on catalyst surfaces are regarded.

Identification of Neutral and Charged N x O y Surface Species by IR Spectroscopy

Technologies for the removal of phenol from fluid streams: a short review of recent developments.

Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: A review

Catalytic removal of NO

Spinels with the formula of AB2O4 (where A and B are metal ions) and the properties of magnetism, optics, electricity, and catalysis have taken significant roles in applications of data storage, biotechnology, electronics, laser, sensor, conversion reaction, and energy storage/conversion, which largely depend on their precise structures and compositions. In this review, various spinels with controlled preparations and their applications in oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) and beyond are summarized. First, the composition and structure of spinels are introduced. Then, recent advances in the preparation of spinels with solid-, solution-, and vapor-phase methods are summarized, and new methods are particularly highlighted. The physicochemical characteristics of spinels such as their compositions, structures, morphologies, defects, and substrates have been rationally regulated through various approaches. This regulation can yield spinels with improved ORR/OER catalytic activities, which can furth...

Spinels: Controlled Preparation, Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Reaction Application, and Beyond

This review article explores three major aspects of the wet oxidation (WO) and catalytic wet oxidation (CWO) processes (with the major focus being on WO and CWO, using air or oxygen as an oxidant). These aspects are (a) the fundamental chemistry of WO/CWO; (b) important aspects of catalysts, with regard to the CWO process; and (c) engineering aspects of the WO/CWO process. The applications of WO and CWO technology to treat industrial wastewater clearly illustrate the potential of these processes for treating wastewater from a wide number of industries. WO/CWO is a fertile area of research with significant scope for further research and innovation, particularly in the areas of catalyst development, the understanding of catalytic mechanisms, and the fundamental chemistry that occurs during WO/CWO. Selected examples of findings to date are discussed in this review.

Wet Oxidation and Catalytic Wet Oxidation

Kinetics of internal steam reforming of methane on Ni/YSZ-based anodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Deposition processes of chromium (Cr) species for the system chromia-forming alloy metallic interconnect/Sr-doped LaMnO 3 (LSM) electrode/3 mol % Y 2 O 3 -ZrO 2 (TZ3Y) electrolyte have been investigated under various conditions at 900°C. Deposition of Cr species preferentially occurred on the zirconia electrolyte surface under both cathodic (O 2 reduction) and anodic (O 2 oxidation) polarization, and formed deposit rings at the edge of the LSM electrode. The deposit ring was ca. 60 μm wide after cathodic polarization for 50 h and ca. 89 μm for 129 h. Cr was not detected on the surface of the LSM electrode or inside the electrode body under the conditions studied. In the absence of polarization potentials, Cr deposits were also found on the zirconia electrolyte surface heated at 1100°C but not at 900°C. In all cases, energy despersive spectrometry analysis indicated that deposits mainly consisted of Cr and/or Cr-Mn, indicating the formation of Cr 2 O 3 and (Cr,Mn) 3 O 4 -type spinel phases. The results clearly demonstrated that the deposition of Cr species at the LSM electrode/TZ3Y electrolyte is not dominated by electrochemical reduction of high valent Cr vapor species to Cr 2 O 3 in competition with O 2 reduction. The driving force for the Cr deposition processes is most likely related to the Mn species, in particular the Mn 2+ ions, generated under polarization potentials or at high temperatures. The proposed deposition mechanism is consistent with the electrochemical behavior of LSM electrodes in the presence of chromia-forming alloy interconnect.

Deposition of Chromium Species at Sr‐Doped LaMnO3 Electrodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. I. Mechanism and Kinetics

The O 2 reduction reactions on Sr-doped LaMnO 3 (LSM) electrodes in solid-oxide fuel cells in the absence and presence of a chromia-forming alloy metallic interconnect have been investigated. Similar to those in the absence of the chromia-forming alloy, the O 2 reduction reactions on LSM electrodes in the presence of chromia-forming alloys are limited by two electrode processes, the diffusion of oxygen species on the LSM surface and the migration of oxygen ions into zirconia electrolyte. In the presence of chromia-forming alloy, the dissociative adsorption and diffusion of oxygen on the LSM electrode surface are inhibited by the gaseous Cr species (e.g., CrO 3 ). and the migration processes of oxygen ions into zirconia electrolyte are inhibited by the solid Cr species [e.g., Cr 2 O 3 /(Cr, Mn) 3 O 4 ] deposited on the electrolyte surface, The inhibiting effect of the solid Cr species becomes increasingly dominant on the O 2 reduction with the polarization time. The mechanism and kinetics of the O 2 reduction on the LSM electrodes in the absence and presence of chromia-forming alloy are discussed.

Karl Foger

Papers

Wet Oxidation and Catalytic Wet Oxidation

Kinetics of internal steam reforming of methane on Ni/YSZ-based anodes for solid oxide fuel cells

Deposition of Chromium Species at Sr‐Doped LaMnO3 Electrodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. I. Mechanism and Kinetics

Deposition of Chromium Species at Sr‐Doped LaMnO3 Electrodes in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells II. Effect on O 2 Reduction Reaction

Adsorption of NO on Cu exchanged zeolites, an FTIR study: Effects of Cu levels, NO pressure, and catalyst pretreatment