Review of recent research on hepatitis C therapy for 54th annual meeting of the American association for the study of liver diseases

/pdf/a-toll-like-receptor-recognizes-bacterial-dna-2lif1icvoq.pdf

A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.22261

Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: an update.

Interferon-α (IFNα) and IFNβ, collectively known as type I IFNs, are the major effector cytokines of the host immune response against viral infections. However, the production of type I IFNs is also induced in response to bacterial ligands of innate immune receptors and/or bacterial infections, indicating a broader physiological role for these cytokines in host defence and homeostasis than was originally assumed. The main focus of this Review is the underappreciated immunomodulatory functions of type I IFNs in health and disease. We discuss their function in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, the response to bacterial ligands, inflammasome activation, intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

/pdf/immunomodulatory-functions-of-type-i-interferons-2hny5y9tif.pdf

Immunomodulatory functions of type I interferons

A delicate balance between tolerance to commensal bacteria and immunity to pathogens occurs in the intestine. Intestinal dendritic cells have a central role in maintaining this balance and, as described here, some of the molecular pathways involved have recently been resolved. A breakdown in intestinal homeostasis can result in chronic inflammatory diseases of the gut including inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and allergy. Dendritic cells, through their ability to orchestrate protective immunity and immune tolerance in the host, have a key role in shaping the intestinal immune response. The mechanisms through which dendritic cells can respond to environmental cues in the intestine and select appropriate immune responses have until recently been poorly understood. Here, we review recent work that is beginning to identify factors responsible for intestinal conditioning of dendritic-cell function and the subsequent decision between tolerance and immunity in the intestine.

/pdf/dendritic-cells-in-intestinal-immune-regulation-lyht6558p6.pdf

Dendritic cells in intestinal immune regulation

We explored the physiological role of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in acute colitis induced by a single cycle of dextran sodium sulfate administration. Depending on their mode of activation and independently of T cells, cDCs can enhance or attenuate the severity of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. The latter beneficial effect was achieved, in part, by IFN-1 induced by Toll-like receptor 9-activated cDCs. IFN-1 inhibits colonic inflammation by regulating neutrophil and monocyte trafficking to the inflamed colon and restraining the inflammatory products of tissue macrophages. These data highlight a novel role of cDCs in the regulation of other innate immune cells and position them as major players in acute colonic inflammation.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/104/43/17022.full.pdf

Conventional dendritic cells regulate the outcome of colonic inflammation independently of T cells.

High frequency of anti-ribosomal P antibody in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated hepatitis

https://ir.fmu.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/357/1/HepatolRes_40_p1092.pdf

Clinical features of liver dysfunction in collagen diseases.

S1707 Conventional Dendritic Cells Regulate the Outcome of Colonic Inflammation Independently of T Cells

Objective: We aimed to define the clinical features of liver dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 

Methods: The frequency and causes of liver dysfunction were examined in 206 patients with SLE. 

Results: Liver dysfunction was evident in 123 (59.7%) of the 206 patients. Liver dysfunction in patients with SLE can be drug-induced (30.9%) or caused by SLE itself (28.5%), fatty liver (17.9%), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (4.9%), primary biliary cirrhosis (2.4%), cholangitis (1.6%), alcohol (1.6%) or viral hepatitis (0.8%), and it tends to be mild except when caused by AIH. Values for aminotransferase were significantly increased when AIH was the cause, whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were significantly increased when AIH or drugs were the cause. The liver was already dysfunctional at the time of SLE onset in 56 (45.5%) of 123 patients with liver dysfunction. Neurological involvement was more common among patients with than without liver dysfunction, whereas SLE activity and prognosis did not significantly differ between the two groups. 

Conclusion: Liver dysfunction in the presence of SLE can be caused by many factors, but when extant at the time of SLE onset, either SLE itself or drugs can be the cause. Autoimmune hepatitis should be considered when liver dysfunction is relatively severe.

Kazumichi Abe

Papers

Conventional dendritic cells regulate the outcome of colonic inflammation independently of T cells.

High frequency of anti-ribosomal P antibody in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated hepatitis

Clinical features of liver dysfunction in collagen diseases.

S1707 Conventional Dendritic Cells Regulate the Outcome of Colonic Inflammation Independently of T Cells

Liver dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.