抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Research Development on Sodium-Ion Batteries

When considering new sensory technologies one should look to nature for guidance. Indeed, living organisms have developed the ultimate chemical sensors. Many insects can detect chemical signals with perfect specificity and incredible sensitivity. Mammalian olfaction is based on an array of less discriminating sensors and a memorized response pattern to identify a unique odor. It is important to recognize that the extraordinary sensory performance of biological systems does not originate from a single element. In actuality, their performance is derived from a completely interactive system wherein the receptor is served by analyte delivery and removal mechanisms, selectivity is derived from receptors, and sensitivity is the result of analyte-triggered biochemical cascades. Clearly, optimal artificial sensory sys-

Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors.

/pdf/aryl-aryl-bond-formation-one-century-after-the-discovery-of-1jdyxlkwix.pdf

Aryl-aryl bond formation one century after the discovery of the Ullmann reaction.

Intracellular Ca2+-dependent protease (calpain) and its high-molecular-weight endogenous inhibitor (calpastatin)

We have used Raman scattering to deduce the volume fraction of crystallinity for the highly phosphorus‐doped glow‐discharge Si:F:H alloys. The measured critical volume fraction at the onset of rapidly increased conduction in this two‐phase system of microcrystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix is 0.18. This value coincides with the theoretical percolation limit and serves to explain the conduction process in these two‐phase materials which are useful as contacts in amorphous solar cells.

Critical volume fraction of crystallinity for conductivity percolation in phosphorus‐doped Si:F:H alloys

Electronic properties of bucky-tube model

The novel fused Zn(II)porphyrin arrays (Tn, porphyrin tapes) in which the porphyrin macrocycles are triply linked at meso−meso, β−β, β−β positions have been investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic measurements along with theoretical MO calculations. The absorption spectra of the porphyrin tapes show a systematic downshift to the IR region as the number of porphyrin pigments increases in the arrays. The fused porphyrin arrays exhibit a rapid formation of the lowest excited states (for T2, ∼500 fs) via fast internal conversion processes upon photoexcitation at 400 nm (Soret bands), which is much faster than the internal conversion process of ∼1.2 ps observed for a monomeric Zn(II)porphyrin. The relaxation dynamics of the lowest excited states of the porphyrin tapes were accelerated from ∼4.5 ps for the T2 dimer to ∼0.3 ps for the T6 hexamer as the number of porphyrin units increases, being explained well by the energy gap law. The overall photophysical properties of the porphyrin tapes ...

Photophysical properties of porphyrin tapes.

An intercalator that was selectively introduced into a DNA helix (see schematic representation on the right) was utilized to observe electron transfer through the DNA π stack. A clear distance dependence between the donor and the acceptor was given for electron transfer in both the 3′ and 5′ directions of a DNA.

Kazuyoshi Tanaka

Papers

Intracellular Ca2+-dependent protease (calpain) and its high-molecular-weight endogenous inhibitor (calpastatin)

Critical volume fraction of crystallinity for conductivity percolation in phosphorus‐doped Si:F:H alloys

Electronic properties of bucky-tube model

Photophysical properties of porphyrin tapes.

Distance Dependence of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in DNA