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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

π-Electron rich small molecule sensors for the recognition of nitroaromatics

Luminescent films have received great interest for chemo-/bio-sensing applications due to their distinct advantages over solution-based probes, such as good stability and portability, tunable shape and size, non-invasion, real-time detection, extensive suitability in gas/vapor sensing, and recycling. On the other hand, they can achieve selective and sensitive detection of chemical/biological species using special luminophores with a recognition moiety or the assembly of common luminophores and functional materials. Nowadays, the extensively used assembly techniques include drop-casting/spin-coating, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB), self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), layer-by-layer (LBL), and electrospinning. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in luminescent films with these assembly techniques and their applications in chemo-/bio-sensing. We mainly focused on the discussion of the relationship between the sensing properties of the films and their architecture. Furthermore, we discussed some critical challenges existing in this field and possible solutions that have been or are being developed to overcome these challenges.

Luminescent films for chemo- and biosensing

Through an ion exchange method, the composite 1⊃HPTS was prepared via the introduction of HPTS (8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonicacid trisodium salt) into the channels of the compound [Zn(TIPA)(NO3−)2(H2O)]·5H2O (1). 1⊃HPTS exhibits durable dual-emission performance of both blue and yellow-green emission, and could act as a two-signal platform in aqueous solution. 1⊃HPTS exhibits ultrahigh sensitive response to a wide range of nitro-compounds, including nitroaromatics, aliphatic nitro-explosives and nitro-containing antibiotics. Particularly, 1⊃HPTS displays ratiometric fluorescence response against RDX. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first MOF-based probe with such an effect for the identification of RDX among luminescent materials. Moreover, the film based on the 1⊃HPTS sample shows high sensitivity towards 4-TNP vapor with good reusability. We also demonstrated that the detection of nitro-compounds using 1⊃HPTS predominantly involved photo-induced electron transfer and fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

Dual-emission MOF⊃dye sensor for ratiometric fluorescence recognition of RDX and detection of a broad class of nitro-compounds

Thiourea (TU), a commercially available laboratory chemical, has been discovered to introduce metallogelation when reacted with copper(II) chloride in aqueous medium. The chemistry involves the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) with concomitant oxidation of thiourea to dithiobisformamidinium dichloride. The gel formation is triggered through metal–ligand complexation, i.e., Cu(I)-TU coordination and extensive hydrogen bonding interactions involving thiourea, the disulfide product, water, and chloride ions. Entangled network morphology of the gel selectively develops in water, maybe for its superior hydrogen-bonding ability, as accounted from Kamlet–Taft solvent parameters. Complete and systematic chemical analyses demonstrate the importance of both Cu(I) and chloride ions as the key ingredients in the metal–organic coordination gel framework. The gel is highly fluorescent. Again, exclusive presence of Cu(I) metal centers in the gel structure makes the gel redox-responsive and therefore it shows reversible gel–...

Redox-Switchable Copper(I) Metallogel: A Metal–Organic Material for Selective and Naked-Eye Sensing of Picric Acid

Sensitive and rapid identification of illicit drugs in a non-contact mode remains a challenge for years. Here we report three film-based fluorescent sensors showing unprecedented sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed to the existence of six widely abused illicit drugs, including methamphetamine (MAPA), ecstasy, magu, caffeine, phenobarbital (PB), and ketamine in vapor phase. Importantly, for these drugs, the sensing can be successfully performed after 5.0 × 105, 4.0 × 105, 2.0 × 105, 1.0 × 105, 4.0 × 104, and 2.0 × 102 times dilution of their saturated vapor with air at room temperature, respectively. Also, presence of odorous substances (toiletries, fruits, dirty clothes, etc.), water, and amido-bond-containing organic compounds (typical organic amines, legal drugs, and different amino acids) shows little effect upon the sensing. More importantly, discrimination and identification of them can be realized by using the sensors in an array way. Based upon the discoveries, a conceptual, two-sensor based detector is developed, and non-contact detection of the drugs is realized. Sensitive and rapid identification of illicit drugs in a non-contact mode remains a challenge. Here, the authors report three film-based fluorescent sensors showing remarkable sensitivity, selectivity and response speed to six widely abused illicit drugs in vapor phase.

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Non-contact identification and differentiation of illicit drugs using fluorescent films.

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene) represents a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and constitutes a great threat to human health However, sensitive, selective, and speedy detection of them on-site and in the vapor phase remains a challenge for years Herein, we report a film-based fluorescent approach and a conceptual sensor, which shows unprecedented sensitivity, speed, and reversibility to the aromatic hydrocarbons in the vapor phase In the studies, pentiptycene was employed to produce a nonplanar perylene bisimide (PBI) derivative, P-PBI The compound was further utilized to fabricate the film The novelty of the design is the combination of capillary condensation and solvent effect, which is expected to enrich the analytes from vapor phase and shows outputs at the same time Importantly, the film permits instant response (∼3 s) and real-time identification (<1 min) of benzene and toluene from other aromatic hydrocarbons The experimental detection limits

Highly Sensitive and Discriminative Detection of BTEX in the Vapor Phase: A Film-Based Fluorescent Approach.

A Perylene Bisimide-Contained Molecular Dyad with High-Efficient Charge Separation: Switchability, Tunability, and Applicability in Moisture Detection

A pyrene-capped terthiophene of cholesteryl derivative (CholG-3T-Py) was designed, synthesized, and utilized for the fabrication of a fluorescent film. Unlike the commonly adopted direct-coating method, the film was fabricated by the physical immobilization of the fluorophore, CholG-3T-Py, onto a glass plate surface via preformed low-molecular-mass gelator (LMMGs)-based molecular-gel networks. The photophysical behavior of the film as prepared and its sensing performances to nitrobenzene (NB) were conducted after activation with toluene. It was found that the film as prepared and activated is sensitive to the presence of NB, and the sensing process is fully reversible. Furthermore, the effects of commonly found interferents, including structural analogues, raw materials, which are commonly used for the production of NB, and other nitroaromatics (NACs), on the sensing process were also tested. It was shown that only aniline and phenol possess slight interference. The present work not only extends the appli...

Fluorescent films based on molecular-gel networks and their sensing performances.

Colorimetric chemosensors have attracted tremendous interest for sensing hazardous substances in an uncomplicated and economical manner. Herein, a series of push-pull dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene derivatives were designed, and the impacts of different end-cappers on their photophysical properties were comprehensively investigated. Interestingly, combined with a zinc porphyrin derivative (Zn-TPP), one dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene derivative (NA-3T-CN) can be further developed into colorimetric and fluorescent sensor array for dual-mode detection of aliphatic amines and hydrazine. The obtained sensors showed satisfactory results between optical response and analyte's concentration both in selective single-sensor type and in enhanced multisensory mode. Based on the fluorescence change of the NA-3T-CN system, the detection limit for N2H4 was calculated to be around 1.22 × 10-5 mol/L in THF. The stained TLC-supported sensor array offers obvious optical changes for down to 0.5 wt % hydrazine solution for naked-eye sensing. An aromatic amine like aniline has no obvious effect on the dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene derivatives. We also found that a zinc porphyrin derivative has an obvious colorimetric response to the presence of hydrazine, ethanolamine, and aniline. Furthermore, smartphone-enabled readout system and data treatment based on RGB changes of the sensor array were performed, and the discrimination capability among hydrazine, aliphatic amines, and aromatic amine was satisfactory. In this regard, related push-pull oligothiophene derivatives not only can be regarded as models for a fundamental understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and photophysical properties but also present potential applications in the field of real-time and visual detection of hazardous chemicals.

Ke Liu

Papers

Non-contact identification and differentiation of illicit drugs using fluorescent films.

Highly Sensitive and Discriminative Detection of BTEX in the Vapor Phase: A Film-Based Fluorescent Approach.

A Perylene Bisimide-Contained Molecular Dyad with High-Efficient Charge Separation: Switchability, Tunability, and Applicability in Moisture Detection

Fluorescent films based on molecular-gel networks and their sensing performances.

Dual-Mode Photonic Sensor Array for Detecting and Discriminating Hydrazine and Aliphatic Amines