Core/Shell Nanoparticles: Classes, Properties, Synthesis Mechanisms, Characterization, and Applications

Click Chemistry for Drug Development and Diverse Chemical–Biology Applications

Owing to their unique physical and chemical properties, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have become a powerful platform in many diverse aspects of biomedicine, including magnetic resonance imaging, drug and gene delivery, biological sensing, and hyperthermia. However, the biomedical applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles arouse serious concerns about their pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicity. In this review, the updated research on the biomedical applications and potential toxicity of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles is summarized. Much more effort is required to develop magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with improved biocompatible surface engineering to achieve minimal toxicity, for various applications in biomedicine.

Applications and Potential Toxicity of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

The effect of nanoparticle size (30−120 nm) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of hepatic lesions in vivo has been systematically examined using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (PVP-IOs). Such biocompatible PVP-IOs with different sizes were synthesized by a simple one-pot pyrolysis method. These PVP-IOs exhibited good crystallinity and high T2 relaxivities, and the relaxivity increased with the size of the magnetic nanoparticles. It was found that cellular uptake changed with both size and surface physiochemical properties, and that PVP-IO-37 with a core size of 37 nm and hydrodynamic particle size of 100 nm exhibited higher cellular uptake rate and greater distribution than other PVP-IOs and Feridex. We systematically investigated the effect of nanoparticle size on MRI of normal liver and hepatic lesions in vivo. The physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles influenced their pharmacokinetic behavior, which ultimately determined their ability to accumulate in the li...

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Effects of Nanoparticle Size on Cellular Uptake and Liver MRI with Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Doxorubicin loaded PVA coated iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery

Non-invasive diagnosis and detection of early-stage tumorsis regarded as one of the current challenges in the biomedicalsciences. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a powerful,non-invasive imaging technique because of its high spatialresolution and tomographic capabilities. However, the signalsensitivity of MR imaging for speciﬁc biological targets islargelydependentonthespeciﬁcityandselectivityoftheligandused to target magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) to speciﬁc tissues.Development of tumor-targeted magnetic NPs is necessary toenhance the MR signal sensitivity for in-vivo tumor detection.Variousproteinssuchastransferrin,

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Dendrimer‐Functionalized Shell‐crosslinked Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In‐Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors

Organic-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (OC-SPIONs) were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. OC-SPIONs were transferred from organic media into water using poly(amidoamine) dendrimers modified with 6-TAMRA fluorescent dye and folic acid molecules. The saturation magnetization of the resulting dendrimer-coated SPIONs (DC-SPIONs) was determined, using a superconducting quantum interference device, to be 60 emu/g Fe versus 90 emu/g Fe for bulk magnetite. Selective targeting of the DC-SPIONs to KB cancer cells in vitro was demonstrated and quantified using two distinct and complementary imaging modalities: UV–visible and X-ray fluorescence; confocal microscopy confirmed internalization. The results were consistent between the uptake distribution quantified by flow cytometry using 6-TAMRA UV–visible fluorescence intensity and the cellular iron content determined using X-ray fluorescence microscopy.

Kevin J. Landmark

Papers

Dendrimer‐Functionalized Shell‐crosslinked Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In‐Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro testing of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles targeted using folic acid-conjugated dendrimers

Strain-promoted "click" chemistry for terminal labeling of DNA.