This new edition includes more than 107,000 terms and definitions, more than 5,000 new to this edition. More than 45 consultants from all the major medical and health science specialties have reviewed each word for accuracy and clarity, including new consultants for the specialties of endocrinology, gastroenterology, geriatrics, and rheumatology. The art program has also been extensively enhanced and now includes approximately 1,500 images and illustrations.

Stedman's Medical Dictionary

The veterinary clinics of north America: food animal practice.

In recent years, the number of infectious diseases linked to the occurrence of bacterial and fungal resistance has increased, leading to extensive search for new drugs to treat these infections. Species of the Asteraceae family and the genus Eupatorium, have high biological potential and are used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. This review article presents the main phytochemical and biological characteristics of the Asteraceae family and the genus Eupatorium s.l., whose antimicrobial activity is promising, especially antibacterial and antifungal activity. The current review was achieved using an organized search of the scientific data published on antimicrobial activity and phytochemical of the species of the genus Eupatorium using various databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Scielo, SciFinder and Google Scholar. The species of Eupatorium are rich in terpenes, phytosterols and sesquiterpene lactones, the latter being chemotaxonomic markers of the group, with broad anticancer, antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activity, making them promising for the development of new drugs. Various species of Eupatorium seems to hold great potential for in-depth investigation for antimicrobial activities. Many species have broad folk use, with scientific confirmation of its antimicrobial properties making these plants potential sources of safer and more effective treatments.

	Key words: Compositae, Eupatorium s.l., antimicrobial potential, ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany.

/pdf/the-genus-eupatorium-l-asteraceae-a-review-of-their-3eidcuw42g.pdf

The genus Eupatorium L. (Asteraceae): A review of their antimicrobial activity

Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines.

https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6320/5/4/121/pdf

The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants

Animals are amongst the most vulnerable of all sentient beings. Animal neglect and abuse may involve a single animal and one person, or hundreds of animals and many people. Animals and people are victims of the same types of fatal injury and severe neglect; however, the anatomy and physiology of different animal species and even breeds of animals are a unique challenge for veterinary pathologists. Identifying and describing external lesions of blunt force trauma and projectile wounds requires that the entire skin be reflected from the animal because fur and feathers partially or totally mask the injuries. Because quadrupeds or birds may react differently to the same traumatic force applied to bipedal humans, extrapolating from medical forensic pathology must be done with caution. Animal abuse, however, does not occur in a vacuum. An established link exists between animal abuse, interpersonal violence, and other serious crimes. Using examples, this paper describes specific injuries in abused and neglected animals in the context of domestic violence, interpersonal violence, mental illness, and drug addiction. Medical examiners should be aware that animal abuse affects not only the animal, but individuals, families, and society as a whole.

Eternally Vulnerable: The Pathology of Abuse in Domestic Animals.

Ingestion of white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) can cause trembles in livestock and milk sickness in humans. The toxicity has been associated with tremetol, a relatively crude, multicomponent lipophilic extract of the plant. In this study, 11 different compounds were isolated from white snakeroot-derived lipophilic extracts from 18 collections. Six of the isolated compounds have not been previously reported to be found in white snakeroot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that there are three different chemotypes of white snakeroot from the plant samples analyzed. Elucidation of these chemotypes may explain the sporadic and unpredictable toxicity of white snakeroot to livestock and humans.

Tremetone and structurally related compounds in white snakeroot ( Ageratina altissima ): a plant associated with trembles and milk sickness.

Measurement of the amount of fat in femoral bone marrow can provide a quantitative assessment of the nutritional status of an individual animal. An analytical method is presented for quantitating the percent fat in bone marrow from three domestic species: bovine, canine, and equine. In this procedure, fat is extracted from bone marrow using pentane, and the percent fat recovered is determined gravimetrically. Based on analyses from adult animals (normal body condition scores), the average percentage of fat in the bone marrow was >80%. In cases in which animals have been diagnosed as emaciated or exhibit serous atrophy of fat (body scores of 1 or 2), the femoral bone marrow fat was less than 20%. In domestic animals, bone marrow fat analysis can be a useful, quantitative measure that, when used in conjunction with all other data available, can support a diagnosis of starvation or malnutrition.

Quantitative assessment of the percent fat in domestic animal bone marrow.

An 8-year-old, crossbred beef cow was referred to the Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Purdue University for a complete necropsy in October 2009. The cow was the sixth to die in a 7-day period. Affected cows were reportedly stumbling and became weak, excitable, and recumbent. Histologically, myonecrosis was severe in the skeletal muscles and mild in the heart and tongue. According to the submitter, exposure to a poisonous plant was suspected, and a plant specimen received from this case was identified as white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima). Using the white snakeroot specimen, a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analytical method for the detection of tremetone and dehydrotremetone (2 components of white snakeroot) was developed. Both tremetone and dehydrotremetone were detected in the plant specimen. Dehydrotremetone was recovered from the liver, while neither component was recovered in the rumen content. In the past, because of the lack of standard reference material, the diagnosis of ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638711407899

Kimberly A. Meyerholtz

Papers

Tremetone and structurally related compounds in white snakeroot ( Ageratina altissima ): a plant associated with trembles and milk sickness.

Quantitative assessment of the percent fat in domestic animal bone marrow.

Development of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique to diagnose white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) poisoning in a cow.